5. Emotion and Language

Question 1

Are emotional words processed faster?

Answer 1

Kousta et al (2009): both positive and negative words have processing advantages over neutral words

Question 2

What is the contreteness effect?

Answer 2

It has been demonstrated repeatedly, and with a variety of methodologies, that concrete words have a cognitive advantage over abstract words

Question 3

Dual coding theory: Concrete concepts are represented in two representationally distinct but functionally related systems: a verbal, linguistic system and a nonverbal, imagistic system. Abstract concepts, on the other hand, are primarily or exclusively represented in what system?

Answer 3

The verbal system

Question 4

Context availability model: concrete words have stronger and denser interconnections with other concepts in semantic memory than do **** words

Answer 4

abstract

Question 5

Vigliocoo et al (2009): What are the two classes of information that contribute to the representation of all concepts?

Answer 5

Experiential (sensory, motor, affective) and linguistic (verbal associations)

Question 6

Women, but not men, show which ERP effect, along with activity in the left IFG to words with incongruous emotional prosody when only one of the two types of information is task-relevant?

Answer 6

N400

Question 7

Do men and women differ in how automatically they access and integrate emotional-prosodic information into language processing?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

What is emotional granularity?

Answer 8

an individual’s ability to differentiate between the specificity of their emotions

Question 9

How would an individual with high emotional granularity discriminate between their emotions?

Answer 9

They would be able to discriminate between their emotions that all fall within the same level ofvalenceandarousal, labelling their experiences with discrete emotion words

Question 10

What is Experiential sampling (ES)?

Answer 10

Reporting on emotional state on several occasions throughout the day for several days

Question 11

What is emodiversity?

Answer 11

The variety and relative abundance of the emotions in our experience.

Question 12

Quoidbach et al (2014) emodiversity is linked to less what?

Answer 12

Depression, less medication use, lower government health coast, fewer doctors visits and days in the hospital. Better diet, exercise, and smoking habits

Question 13

What is denonation?

Answer 13

The dictionary definition of a word

Question 14

What is connotation?

Answer 14

The deeper meaning - what we associate with the word

Question 15

Gonzalez-Reigosa (1976) found that taboo words presented in one’s native or dominant language elicit what?

Answer 15

More anxiety in clients than taboo words in the second language or neutral words in the native language

Question 16

Bond and Lai: Embarrassment and Code-Switching into a ** **** (1986)

Answer 16

Second Language

Question 17

What was the conclusion in Bond and Lai (1986) embarrassment and code switching?

Answer 17

Switching to one’s second language can serve as a distancing function, allowing the speaker to address issues that would be upsetting when discussed in the first language

Question 18

Krapf (1955) was the first to describe cases in which clients switched from one language to another to reduce what?

Answer 18

Anxiety, the choice of a language may serve to strengthen the ego and hence be used as “a positive rather than a negative defence”.

Question 19

Most of the research so far on psychiatric interview and bilingual client is done with what population?

Answer 19

Hispanic in USA

Question 20

Malgady & Costantino (1998): what group of clinicians rated Hispanic symptoms more severe than did Anglo clinicians, and severity was rated highest in bilingual interviews, followed by Spanish, and lowest in English

Answer 20

Hispanic

Question 21

Emotion and language: what kind of similarity between patient and clinician enhances the clinician’s ability to identify cultural modes of expressing symptoms?

Answer 21

Ethnic

Question 22

(1) The patient’s general attitude
(2) Motor activity, speech, and stream of talk
(3) Affect and emotional tone
(4) Sense of self
- What is this list?

Answer 22

Marcos (1994) identified four major categories of patient behaviour that are susceptible to distortion and misinterpretation by clinicians

Question 23

Pitta, Marcos, and Alpert (1978) proposed that, depending on the type of client and presenting problem, switching what can be an effective treatment technique?

Answer 23

Language

Question 24

Why is using the non-dominant language in therapy an effective technique?

Answer 24

It allows the client to gain distance from certain threatening emotions

Question 25

Santiago-Rivera et al (2009) what is more important? Ethnic match, or language match?

Answer 25

Language

Question 26

What is absolutist thinking?

Answer 26

The detrimental habit of describing feeling and circumstances in concrete, absolute terms

Question 27

Absolutist thinking has strong empirical links to which health groups?

Answer 27

Suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, eating disorder

Question 28

In a text analysis of 63 Internet forums (over 6,400 members) using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software to examine absolutism at the linguistic level, the prevalence of absolutist words is ~__% greater in anxiety and depression, and __% greater for suicide ideation forums

Answer 28

50%

80%

Question 29

What is rumination?

Answer 29

According to Nolen-Hoeksema (1991), rumination is defined as a pattern of responses to distress in which individuals passively and persistently focus on themselves, their symptoms, and possible causes and consequences of these symptoms

Question 30

How can we measure self-focused attention?

Answer 30

Through the use of first person pronouns

Question 31

Rude et al (2004) found an increased use of which pronoun in depressed participants?

Answer 31

“I”