5. Emotion and Language Flashcards
Are emotional words processed faster?
Kousta et al (2009): both positive and negative words have processing advantages over neutral words
What is the contreteness effect?
It has been demonstrated repeatedly, and with a variety of methodologies, that concrete words have a cognitive advantage over abstract words
Dual coding theory: Concrete concepts are represented in two representationally distinct but functionally related systems: a verbal, linguistic system and a nonverbal, imagistic system. Abstract concepts, on the other hand, are primarily or exclusively represented in what system?
The verbal system
Context availability model: concrete words have stronger and denser interconnections with other concepts in semantic memory than do **** words
abstract
Vigliocoo et al (2009): What are the two classes of information that contribute to the representation of all concepts?
Experiential (sensory, motor, affective) and linguistic (verbal associations)
Women, but not men, show which ERP effect, along with activity in the left IFG to words with incongruous emotional prosody when only one of the two types of information is task-relevant?
N400
Do men and women differ in how automatically they access and integrate emotional-prosodic information into language processing?
Yes
What is emotional granularity?
an individual’s ability to differentiate between the specificity of their emotions
How would an individual with high emotional granularity discriminate between their emotions?
They would be able to discriminate between their emotions that all fall within the same level ofvalenceandarousal, labelling their experiences with discrete emotion words
What is Experiential sampling (ES)?
Reporting on emotional state on several occasions throughout the day for several days
What is emodiversity?
The variety and relative abundance of the emotions in our experience.
Quoidbach et al (2014) emodiversity is linked to less what?
Depression, less medication use, lower government health coast, fewer doctors visits and days in the hospital. Better diet, exercise, and smoking habits
What is denonation?
The dictionary definition of a word
What is connotation?
The deeper meaning - what we associate with the word
Gonzalez-Reigosa (1976) found that taboo words presented in one’s native or dominant language elicit what?
More anxiety in clients than taboo words in the second language or neutral words in the native language
Bond and Lai: Embarrassment and Code-Switching into a ** **** (1986)
Second Language
What was the conclusion in Bond and Lai (1986) embarrassment and code switching?
Switching to one’s second language can serve as a distancing function, allowing the speaker to address issues that would be upsetting when discussed in the first language
Krapf (1955) was the first to describe cases in which clients switched from one language to another to reduce what?
Anxiety, the choice of a language may serve to strengthen the ego and hence be used as “a positive rather than a negative defence”.
Most of the research so far on psychiatric interview and bilingual client is done with what population?
Hispanic in USA
Malgady & Costantino (1998): what group of clinicians rated Hispanic symptoms more severe than did Anglo clinicians, and severity was rated highest in bilingual interviews, followed by Spanish, and lowest in English
Hispanic
Emotion and language: what kind of similarity between patient and clinician enhances the clinician’s ability to identify cultural modes of expressing symptoms?
Ethnic
(1) The patient’s general attitude
(2) Motor activity, speech, and stream of talk
(3) Affect and emotional tone
(4) Sense of self
- What is this list?
Marcos (1994) identified four major categories of patient behaviour that are susceptible to distortion and misinterpretation by clinicians
Pitta, Marcos, and Alpert (1978) proposed that, depending on the type of client and presenting problem, switching what can be an effective treatment technique?
Language
Why is using the non-dominant language in therapy an effective technique?
It allows the client to gain distance from certain threatening emotions
Santiago-Rivera et al (2009) what is more important? Ethnic match, or language match?
Language
What is absolutist thinking?
The detrimental habit of describing feeling and circumstances in concrete, absolute terms
Absolutist thinking has strong empirical links to which health groups?
Suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, eating disorder
In a text analysis of 63 Internet forums (over 6,400 members) using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software to examine absolutism at the linguistic level, the prevalence of absolutist words is ~__% greater in anxiety and depression, and __% greater for suicide ideation forums
50%
80%
What is rumination?
According to Nolen-Hoeksema (1991), rumination is defined as a pattern of responses to distress in which individuals passively and persistently focus on themselves, their symptoms, and possible causes and consequences of these symptoms
How can we measure self-focused attention?
Through the use of first person pronouns
Rude et al (2004) found an increased use of which pronoun in depressed participants?
“I”
