3. Emotion, Perception, and Attention

Question 1

What is meant by ‘categorical perception’?

Answer 1

We tend to place stimuli in categories (even if it is continuous)

Question 2

How is the subjective experience categorised in appraisal theories?

Answer 2

The subjective experience is categorised into ‘‘modal emotions’’ reflecting the relatively frequent occurrence of some patterns of responses that are associated with core concerns

Question 3

‘Core affect is a consciously accessible internal emotional state that consists of a blend of valence and arousal’ - what theory of emotion does this fall under?

Answer 3

Constructivist theories of emotion

Question 4

What is core affect?

Answer 4

States at the heart of emotion - experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energised or enervated (including reflexes, perception, cognition)

Question 5

** **** is essentially how we feel at any particular point in time

Answer 5

Core affect

Question 6

What is the key assumption of basic emotion theories?

Answer 6

Emotional stimuli, especially facial emotion expressions, are universally perceived in a categorical manner (e.g. anger, sadness, happiness)

Question 7

A meta-analysis (Juslin & Laukka, 2003) showed that vocalisations of emotions are ….

Answer 7

… correctly categorised across cultures with largely above chance accuracy

Question 8

In research of emotional expression, accuracy is higher when sender and receiver are…

Answer 8

…from the same culture

Question 9

In the 2020 study of colours and emotion, the closer one nation was to another, either geographically or in terms of linguistic similarity, the more…

Answer 9

… similar were their colour-emotion matches

Question 10

When people view ambiguous faces, what can influence their judgement of the face?

Answer 10

Category knowledge - this is top-down effects of categorisation knowledge (Halberstadt & Niedenthal, 2001)

Question 11

In the study by Willander & Larson (2006), which cue triggered the older memories?

Answer 11

Olfactory

Question 12

In an MRI study by Banks (2016), wine experts exhibited healthier tissue in which region on the brain?

Answer 12

The entorhinal cortex - has functions for memory, navigation, and the perception of time

Question 13

Which area of the brain is the main interface between the hippocampus and the neocortex

Answer 13

The entorhinal cortex

Question 14

What is the Easterbook hypothesis?

Answer 14

Arousal produces a narrowing of attention which selects among available stimuli

Question 15

What does Easterbrook believe about attentional resources and emotion?

Answer 15

Attentional resources are allocated to the emotional aspects of a situation which then does not leave much resources left to process the non-emotional aspects of a situation

Question 16

Filtering, search, cuing, and multiple tasks are used to study what?

Answer 16

Emotion and attention

Question 17

In studies of emotion and attention, what type of task does the emotional stroop fall under?

Answer 17

Filtering

Question 18

In cueing tasks, how is attention usually measured?

Answer 18

By the speed or accuracy of the participants’ response

Question 19

If people are asked to name the ink colour of emotionally charged and neutral words, the emotionally charged words result in …… than neutral words

Answer 19

longer response latencies

Question 20

In Bryne and Eysenck, which group of participants were faster at detecting angry targets?

Answer 20

High anxious

Question 21

Which attentional task can detect altered sensitivity to disorder relevant stimuli in psychiatric conditions such as PTSD?

Answer 21

Emotional attentional blink

Question 22

What type of attention is voluntary, consciously initiated, and less rapid?

Answer 22

Endogenous

Question 23

******* attention is rapidly and involuntarily oriented toward such stimuli, even if they are not relevant to the current task that the individual is performing

Answer 23

Exogenous

Question 24

How does emotional/motivated attention differ and relate to exogenous and endogenous attention?

Answer 24

Like exogenous attention, emotional attention is rapid and involuntary; like endogenous attention it depends on some of the observer’s internal factors, such as the affective state

Question 25

What are the two attentional bias mechanisms?

Answer 25

Initial orientation and difficulty in disengaging

Question 26

Which mechanism for bias contributes to larger measures of attentional bias for positive stimuli?

Answer 26

Initial orienting component

Question 27

For positive stimuli, attentional bias is smaller when it is presented as what: a word, photograph, or illustration?

Answer 27

Word

Question 28

Wells, T. T., & Beevers, C. G. (2010). Biased attention and dysphoria: Manipulating selective ******* reduces subsequent depressive symptoms.Cognition & Emotion,24(4), 719-728.

Answer 28

attention