5. Diversity, Gender, Ethnicity and class Flashcards
What is the Equality Act (2010)
The Equality Act 2010-legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society.
There are 9 Protected characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation
What does The NHS Constitution state about Equality
The NHS Constitution includes a ‘duty not to discriminate against patients or staff and to adhere to equal opportunities and equality and human rights legislation’
Define sex
‘“Sex” refers to the physical differences between people who are male, female, or intersex. A person typically has their sex assigned at birth based on physiological characteristics, including their genitalia and chromosome composition. This assigned sex is called a person’s “natal sex.”
Define non-binary
means not feeling that your gender identity fits naturally into the generic categories of male and female.
Define transgender
We use “trans” as an umbrella term to
describe people whose current gender identity or way of expressing their gender
differs from the sex they were registered with at birth. Some, but not all, trans people want to transition (change) socially or medically or both.
We use “trans woman” for someone who was registered male at birth and now
identifies as a woman and “trans man” for someone who was registered female at birth and now identifies as a man.
Certain screenings to consider for transgenders
We use “trans woman” or “trans man” in content about the particular health needs of trans people - for example, screening or treatments that trans people need to be aware of,
Trans women and non-binary people assigned male at birth who are registered with aGPas female:
- are invited for breast screening
- are invited for bowel cancer screening
Trans women and non-binary people assigned male at birth who are registered with aGP
as male:
- are invited forAAAscreening
- are invited for bowel cancer screening
Trans men and non-binary people assigned female at birth who are registered with aGPas female:
- are invited for breast screening
- are invited for bowel cancer screening
- are invited for cervical screening
Trans men and non-binary people assigned female at birth who are registered with aGP
as male:
- are invited for bowel cancer screening
- are invited forAAAscreening but do not have a high risk ofAAA
How ethnicity affects health and material disadvantage?
People from ethnic minority groups are
more likely to face forms of disadvantage
that affect their health including:
- Poor job security, stressful working conditions, unsocial hours - racial discrimination and harassment - Place-based disadvantage (e.g. living in poorly serviced areas)
Define gender
‘Gender, on the other hand, involves how a person identifies. Unlike natal sex, gender is not made up of binary forms. Instead, gender is a broad spectrum. A person may identify at any point within this spectrum or outside of it entirely.’
Define sexuality
We use language about sexuality when it’s helpful to signpost or help people get the health information and access to treatment they need.
For example, when we’re talking about specific sexual health services or sexual health content, we use words like:
- lesbian
- gay
- bisexual
- men who have sex with men (MSM includes men who may not
identify as gay)
Define ethnicity
The term ‘ethnic’ is frequently used to refer to supposed genetic and cultural features of the population under investigation that are considered to be stable and to mark them out as different
- Concept of ‘race’ does not have
scientific validity - Ethnicity is the favoured term (i.e.
not ‘race’) in health research - Ethnicity is dynamic and contextual
How are gender, sexuality, class and ethnicity relevant to health and healthcare?
men who have sex with men have
historically faced discrimination when they want to give blood in the NHS (although the guidance changed last year)
What is the NS-SEC?
National Statistics Socio-economic Characteristics
Measures employment relations
- Used in the research domain as a proxy for social class
- Differentiates occupations in terms of reward mechanisms,
promotion prospects, autonomy and job security
8 classes=
- Higher[managerial]and[professional](occupations
- Lower managerial and professional occupations
- Intermediate occupations (clerical, sales, service)
- Small[employers]and own account workers
- Lower supervisory and[technical]occupations
- Semi-routine occupations
- Routine occupations
- Never worked or long-term unemployed
Social stratification hierarchy in the 4th industrial revolution
Diagram -
At the top have the 1% class (smallest proportion of population) , followed by the salaried elite, the precariat, subsequently the working poor then at the bottom people receiving social benefits, such as citizen salary (large proportion of population)
How are social inequalities correlated with health inequalities?
People from minority groups can face discrimination in health settings, this can
affect health behaviour
According to WHO:
There is ample evidence that social factors, including education, employment status, income level, gender and ethnicity have a marked influence on how healthy a person is.
In all countries – whether low-, middle- or high-income – there are wide disparities in the health status of different social groups.
- The lower an individual’s
socio-economic position, the higher their risk of
poor health.’
4 models of the Mechanisms of health inequalities [MUST LEARN THESE] NEED more in depth
Behavioural
Psychosocial
Materialist
Life-course
