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CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY > 5. CRIME PREVENTION > Flashcards

5. CRIME PREVENTION Flashcards

1
Q

Define defensible space

A

Real or symbolic barriers that separate private space from public space
Also includes ability to survey territory

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2
Q

Aim of Newman

A

Investigates the difference between two New York housing projects on the levels of defensible space

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3
Q

Two housing projects, Newman

A

Van Dyke- increased area of open space

Brownsville- X shaped buildings, central staircase entrance + decorated communal areas

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4
Q

Newman method

A

Natural experiment

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5
Q

What did Newman measure

A

Crimes in each building

Maintenance jobs in each building

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6
Q

Results Newman

A

Less crime + maintenance jobs in Brownsville

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7
Q

What do Newmans results suggest

A

Neighbourhoods + buildings need defensible space to reduce crime
More windows + less people using entrances (windows= feel like being watched, entrances= looked after)

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8
Q

Methods of achieving defensible space

A
  1. zone of territorial influence- markers to show private area (e.g. fences)
  2. opportunities for surveillance- physical layout of building= intruders easily spotted (e.g. more windows)
  3. image- individuality should be emphasised as it suggests privacy + linked to zone of territory
  4. Milieu- surroundings of building (e.g. open space attracts vandalism more than organised court yards)
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9
Q

Pros of Newman

A

Useful applications
Natural experiment- more ecologically valid + generalisable
Quantitative data

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10
Q

Cons of Newman

A 
Lacks population validity- only in NY
Reduced control (natural exp)- cannot establish C+E
Lack of qualitative data- other factors not considered/don't know why 
Socially sensitive- increases stereotypes
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11
Q

Zero tolerance definition

A

Respond vigorously to all criminal offences in an area, cracking down on petty crimes

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12
Q

Define the broken window theory

A

If petty crimes are not polices, it invites serious offenders to increase their activity

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13
Q

Why do areas invite crime

A

Physical factors- graffiti/litter/broken windows

Behavioural factors- public nuisance/prostitutes/gangs

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14
Q

What does the broken window theory + zero tolerance suggest

A

Police should reduce ‘quality of life’ crimes (vandalism) with a heavy handed approach

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15
Q

Bratton NYC

A

Introduction of zero tolerance in 1990s
Aimed to reduce crime
Sent officers to each subway station to address fare dodgers
2000 officers appointed to address low level crimes (e.g. vandalism)
After 3 years= 37% decrease in crime + 50% decrease in homicide rates

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16
Q

Wilson + Kelling

What was the article about

A

Explained broken window theory of crime + evaluated use of foot patrols in 1970s America

17
Q

W+K

What happened in New Jersey

A

Foot patrols sent to neighbourhoods of 28 cities

Initially police chiefs didn’t like it as response time increased to callouts + officers saw it as a punishment

18
Q

W+K

What happened after 5 years

A

Crime rates did not fall
However residents perception of crime improved- felt safer
Police officers had more +ve attitude + higher morale as felt they were helping communities

19
Q

W+K

What makes people think their neighbourhood is safe

A

Perception of community- if people feel scared= increased likelihood of believing there are higher crime rates
Increased foot patrols main reason people felt safer
Implied informal rules- e.g. alcohol bottles in paper bags

20
Q

W+K

Changes to police role

A

1980s- role changed from order maintenance to law enforcement
= can’t remove people from streets as they are being nuisances (e.g. drunkness) as it isn’t illegal

21
Q

W+K

How were findings maintained

A

Need to find balance between law enforcement + order maintenance
Foot patrols in neighbourhoods but not all

22
Q

W+K

PECH para for reduce population validity

A

P- Lacks population validity
E- 28 cities in American
C- Different opinions of crime in other countries not identified
H- Has useful applications for America

23
Q

W+K

PECH for lacks control

A

P- lacks control
E- natural exp- no control over extraneous variables (employment rates)
C- cant accurately understand effects of foot patrols
H- increased ecological validity

24
Q

W+K

PECH: lacks historical validity

A

P- lacks historical validity
E- conducted in 1982
C- attitudes have changed
H- may still be relevant to places theatre like America in the 80s

25
Q

W+K

PECH- valid as crime statistics were used (quantitative)

A

P- stats
E- aware crime rates don’t decrease after 5 years
C- objectivity
H- social desirability bias- face to face interviews- reduces validity as might not be true

26
Q

Strategies for crime prevention

A

Defensible space
Zero tolerance
CCTV

27
Q

Purpose of CCTV

A

Used to reduce effects of deindividuation

  • when people feel they cannot be identified they act in more anti-social ways
  • helps isndividuate people
28
Q

Brown aim

A

Investigate how CCTV would reduce the effects of deindividuation

29
Q

Brown method

A

Natural exp

30
Q

Brown procedure

A

Compared pre + post CCTv installation in 3 British cities

Birmingham, Newcastle, Kings Lynn

31
Q

Brown results

A

CCTV very effective in all 3 areas

In Newcastle- burglary= reduced by 56% + criminal damage reduced by 34%

32
Q

What does Browns research suggest

A

CCTV has +ve effect in reducing anti-social behaviour

Especially when people congregate in large groups

33
Q

Pros of Brown

A

Useful applications- install CCTV
Natural exp- generalisable to other places
Quantitative data- objective

34
Q

Cons of Brown

A

Expensive
Lacks qual data
Lacks control over extraneous variables (e.g. unemployment rates)
Ethnocentric (UK)

35
Q

Describe how zero-tolerance policy can influence crime

AO2- how it works

A

Zero tolerance- respond vigorously to all criminal offences
Broken window theory- if petty crimes are not polices, it invites serious offenders to increase their activity
Physical factors (which invite crime)- graffiti/litter/broken windows
Behavioural- public nuisance/prositutes/ gangs
Suggests- reduce ‘quality of life’ crimes (vandalism) with heavy faded approach

36
Q

Describe how zero-tolerance policy can influence crime

AO1- evidence

A

Bratton- aimed to reduce crime, sent officers to subway stations to address fare dodgers
2000 officers sent to address low level crime (e.g. vandalism)
After 3 years- reduction of 37% in crime rates, 50% reduction in homicidal rates

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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