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CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY > 3. COLLECTING EVIDENCE > Flashcards

3. COLLECTING EVIDENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

Recognising E-fit faces

Bruce aim

A

See if there was a difference in our ability to recognise internal and external features of facial composites
Facial composites of celebrities

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2
Q

Bruce method

A

Lab

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3
Q

Bruce sample

A

Self selected

30 staff and students from Stirling Uni (M+F)

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4
Q

Bruce design

A 
Independent 
3 conditions:
1. internal + external
2. internal 
3. external
Given ten photos of celebs (targets) 
Match 40 composite images (4 for each target)
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5
Q

Results from Bruce

A

No significant difference in accuracy between complete composite and external factors only (35% correct)
Internal factors not so accurate- 19.5% correct

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6
Q

What do Bruces findings suggest

A

When witnesses are recalling internal features, we may not be able to trust accuracy

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7
Q

Pros of Bruce

A 
Lab= increased control
Independent- reduces DC
Standardised- replicable
Quantitative 
Useful applications
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8
Q

Cons of Bruce

A

Small sample- reduced population validity
Reduced ecological validity- no consequences
Reduced task validity- using celebrities

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9
Q

False confession

Kassin aim

A

Whether psychologically vulnerable people are more likely to make a false confession

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10
Q

Kassin sample and design

A

79 undergraduates
Independent
Deceived into thinking the experiment was on reaction time

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11
Q

Voluntary confession

A

No external pressure

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12
Q

Coerced compliant confession

A

Had enough of questioning so confess

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13
Q

Coerced internalisation confession

A

Persuaded that you committed a crime

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14
Q

Kassin procedure

A

Ps tested individually with confederate
Told letters to type on computer- specifically told not to press ALT key, as it will ‘crash’ the computer
3 minted of pressing keys
Experimenter accuses P of pressing ALT key, confederate said they did when they didn’t (pressure)

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15
Q

4 conditions for Kassin

A
  1. high vulnerability- 67 letters per minute, accused of pressing ALT
  2. high vulnerability- 67 letters, not accused
  3. low vulnerability- slow, 43 letters per min, accused
  4. low vulnerability- 43/min, not accused
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16
Q

Kassin results

A

More typing errors in high vulnerability (stressful)
Compliance- least likely in condition 4, most likely in condition 1
Internalisation- 65% in condition 1 said they pressed it
Confabulation- main up details, 35% of condition 1 confabulated

17
Q

What do findings from Kassin suggest

A

Two factors cause false confessions:

  1. stress
  2. incriminating evidence
18
Q

Pros of Kassin

A 
Large sample- 79 undergraduates 
Quantitative and qual data
Independent- reduced DC
Useful applications- remove stress
High control
Standardised
19
Q

Cons of Kassin

A

Undergraduates- not generalisable
Unethical- deceived + high levels of stress
Reduced ecological validity- no consequence

20
Q

Standard police interview

A

Free recall about event
Followed by specific questions on information gathered
Not standardised

21
Q

Cognitive interview (Fisher)

A 
Structured, standardised interview 
Four stages:
1. context reinstatement- setting scene 
2.report everything
3. recalling in different temporal order
4. recall from different perspectives
22
Q

Testing the CIT

Fisher, aim

A

Investigate usefulness of CIT compared with standard interview techniques

23
Q

Fisher sample

A

16 detectives

Miami police department

24
Q

Fisher method

A

Field experiment

25
Q

Fisher phase 1

A

Detectives recorded number of interviews using standard interview techniques (burglary and robbery crimes)
16 split in half- one group trained in CIT (experimental group) other was not (control)

26
Q

Fisher phase 2

A

Post training, more interviews were recorded for same crimes as P1
Interview analysed by a team (unaware of condition)
Identified how much info was obtained and match it to corroborative evidence

27
Q

Fisher results

A

CIT trained officers gathered 47% more info
CIT produced 63% more information than control group
CIT gather more information and to a higher level of accuracy- therefore train police to use CIT method

28
Q

Fisher pros

A

Increased ecological validity- real police

Useful applications- CIT

29
Q

Cons of Fisher

A

Lacks generalisability- only experimented on petty crimes

Reduced control

30
Q

PEACE

A 
Prep + planning 
Engage + explain 
Account, clarification + challenge 
Closure 
Evaluation
31
Q

Reviewing CIT
Memon and Higham
Effectiveness of CIT components

A

Context reinstatement most effective
Recalling in different temporal orders is not beneficial= fabrication
Most effective recall= forward order then reverse

32
Q

M+H

Comparing interviews

A

Not possible to accurately compare
Not standardised
Compare CIT to structured interviews= only difference is lack of cognitive elements

33
Q

M+H

Quality of training

A

Police sergeant should deliver training- ‘one of them’
Base line measures before and after- measure improvements
Training should be intensive- 2 days, followed by practice

34
Q

M+H

Conclusions

A

More research needs to be done to see why CIT is better than standardised interviewing

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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