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Sociology: Families and Households > 5. CHANGING FAMILY PATTERNS > Flashcards

5. CHANGING FAMILY PATTERNS Flashcards

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1
Q

LAT (Living Apart Together) Definition

A

where couples (married or otherwise) maintain their relationship despite living in separate places

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2
Q

Reasons marriage rate declined

A

Social change and changing attitudes
Secularisation
Gender roles and feminist perspectives on marriage rates

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3
Q

Duncan and Phillips - Types of LATs

A

Dating LATs = developing their relationship prior to possible cohabitation or marriage
Partner LATs = see their relationship as long-term but do not anticipate living together

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4
Q

Duncan & Phillips (2008) - LAT Statistic

A

1 in 10 people are ‘Living Apart Together’

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5
Q

British Social Attitudes Survey Stats -

A

between 1989-2012, people who strongly agreed or agreed that people who want children should get married fell from 74% to 42%

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6
Q

Brenda Almond - family is fragmenting

A

Less of a focus on children and more of a focus on individuals
→Leads to people staying single / cohabiting instead
→Not good for society

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7
Q

Giddens – Social Change and Changing Attitudes

A

people seeking pure relationships (late modern society)
→Marriages can be ended through divorce, or people just won’t get married instead
→Leads to LATs / cohabitation
→Not harmful for society – instead people now have greater freedom

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8
Q

Steve Bruce - (2011)

A

Religions are important for sanctifying marriage but religious beliefs are declining

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9
Q

2001 Census - Secularisation

A

Only 3% of young people with no religion were married, as against up to 17% of those with a religion

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10
Q

Ruspini (2015) - Gender Roles and Feminist Perspectives on Marriage Rates

A

.changing position of women means marriage rates are declining
.Wider availability of contraception = greater control
.Women’s liberation movement of 1960s + 1970s = independence

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11
Q

Chester (1985) - Cohabitation

A

Argues that cohabitation acts as a trial marriage

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12
Q

Coast (2006) - Cohabitation Statistic

A

3/4 of cohabitating couples stated that they intend to marry.

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13
Q

Bejin (1985) - Cohabitation

A

Cohabitation is a way of negotiating more equal relationships where both partners retain some independence

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14
Q

General Household Survey (2011) - Cohabitation Statistics

A

Increasing trend for people to live together before they married
= in 1980-1984 only 30% did so, but by 2004-2007 this increased around 80%

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15
Q

Beaujouan and Bhrolchain - Cohabitation

A

increase in cohabitation has been very similar to the decline in marriage

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16
Q

Why has the divorce rate increased

A
  1. The value of marriage has increased
  2. Conflict between spouses - women’s increased financial independence
  3. Rise of feminism
  4. Modernity, freedom and choice also means more conflict
  5. The ease of divorce
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17
Q

Fletcher (1966) - Value of marriage

A

The higher expectations people place on marriage today are a major cause of rising divorce rates. Higher expectations make couples less willing to tolerate an unhappy marriage.

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18
Q

Allen and Crow (2001) - Value of marriage

A

“Love, personal commitment and intrinsic satisfaction are now seen as the cornerstones of marriage, the absence of these feelings is itself a justification for ending the relationship.”

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19
Q

Fletcher (1966) - Positive view on divorce

A

Marriage continues to be popular, most adults marry and the high number of re-marriages show that society has not rejected marriage as in institution.

20
Q

Allen and Crow - Conflict between spouses

A

Marriage is less embedded in the economic system
Fewer family firms
Spouses not so financially interdependent
This means that they do not have to tolerate each other in the absence of love – more willing to seek divorce.

21
Q

Desertion Definition

A

where one partner leaves the other but the couple remain legally married

22
Q

Legal Separation Definition

A

when a court separates the financial and legal affairs of the couple but they remain married and are not free to re-marry

23
Q

Empty Shell Marriage Definition

A

the couple continue to live under the same roof but remain married in name only

24
Q

Why might Divorce Stats be misleading?

A

Separations without divorce
‘Empty Shell Marriages’
Number of unhappy marriages prior to law changes.

25
Q

Hart (1976) - Why DIvorces occur

A

the value attached to marriage
the degree of conflict between the spouses
the opportunities for individuals to escape from marriage

26
Q

Hochschild (1997) - Rise of Feminism

A

At work women feel valued and at home frustrated due to the pressures of housework and men’s continuing resistance to helping in the home

As more women work, this leaves less time and energy for the emotional work needed to address the problems – this contributes to divorce.

27
Q

Sigle-Rushton (2007) - Rise of Feminism

A

Working mothers are more likely to petition for divorce than women in relationships with a traditional division of labour.

Where the husband of a working wife is actively involved in housework the likelihood of divorce falls to the same levels of those in traditional roles.

28
Q

Barnard (1976) - Rise of Feminism

A

Many women feel a growing dissatisfaction with patriarchal marriage, she sees the evidence that most petitions come from women as evidence of their growing acceptance of feminist ideas and women becoming more informed of patriarchal oppression and more confident in rejecting it.

29
Q

Criticism of Feminist View on Divorce

A

Cooke and Gash found no evidence that when women had paid employment they were more likely to get divorced. Now very common for women to work – not a major factor atm.

30
Q

YouGov 2013 Survey - The ease of divorce

A

Almost 2/3 of people thought there was no longer stigma attached to divorce
18-24yr olds were less likely to say that divorce was taboo than 25-54 year olds = shows a liberation of attitudes in younger cohorts

31
Q

YouGov 2013 Survey - The ease of divorce

A

Almost 2/3 of people thought there was no longer stigma attached to divorce
18-24yr olds were less likely to say that divorce was taboo than 25-54 year olds = shows a liberation of attitudes in younger cohorts

32
Q

Divorce Law Reform Act (1969, came into effect in 1971)

A

This made an irretrievable breakdown of marriage the sole ground for divorce – established by proving unreasonable behaviour, adultery, desertion, separation. Divorce was available after 2 years of agreed separation or 5 if one partner did not agree.

33
Q

New Right View on Divorce

A

See high divorce rate as undesirable as it undermines the traditional nuclear family. It creates an underclass of welfare-dependent female lone parents and leaves boys without the male adult role model they need.

34
Q

Feminist View on Divorce

A

they see the high divorce rate as desirable as it shows women breaking free of the oppression of patriarchy.

35
Q

Postmodernist’s View on Divorce

A

View a high divorce rate as giving individuals the freedom top choose to end a relationship when it no longer meets their needs. They see it as a cause of greater family diversity.

36
Q

Functionalists View on Divorce

A

A high divorce rate does not prove that marriage is under threat. It is simple a result of high expectations of marriage. The high rate of re-marriage shows peoples’ commitment to the idea of marriage.

37
Q

Interactionist’s View on Divorce

A

They aim to understand what divorce means to the individual.

Morgan (1996) argues that we cannot generalise about the meaning of divorce because every individual’s interpretation is different.

Mitchell and Goody provide an example of this. One of their interview was described the day her father left as one of the happiest in her life, where another said she had never recovered from her father deserting the family.

38
Q

Rapoport & Rapoport (1982) - Five Types of Family Diversity

A

1) Organisational Diversity- Variations in family structure, household types + differences in the division of labour
2) Cultural Diversity
3) Social Class Diversity
4) Life-Stage Diversity
5) Cohort Diversity - Older & younger generations have different attitudes & experiences

39
Q

Rapoport & Rapoport’s ‘Pluralistic Society’ Definition

A

lifestyles & culture are diverse

40
Q

Rapoport (1982) - family and household diversity in Britain

A

.Argue that diversity is of central importance in understanding family life today
.They believe that we have moved away from the traditional NF as the dominant family type to a range of different types

41
Q

Rapoports’ findings - Types of Households

A

Gay and lesbian households
Friends living together (chosen family)
LATs

42
Q

Causes of Lone Parenthood

A

Rising rates of cohabitation
Increase in marital breakdown + a rise in births to unmarried mothers
Changing relationships between men and women
Stigma attached to lone parenthood is decreasing (Morgan, 1994)

43
Q

ONS (2016) - Lone Parenthood Stat

A

Between 1972-2016, the % of children living in lone-parent families increased from 7% to 22%

44
Q

Stats for Lone Parenthood Criticism

A

Distinction is not always clear cut between lone parent and two parent households – mother may be primarily responsible for childcare in both types

44
Q

Stats for Lone Parenthood Criticism

A

Distinction is not always clear cut between lone parent and two parent households – mother may be primarily responsible for childcare in both types

45
Q

Chester - Evaluation of family diversity

A

there is still a dominant family type and questions the idea of diversity

46
Q

Causes of single person households

A 
Divorce
Separation
The break up of cohabiting couples
Death of a partner
Choosing to live alone

Sociology: Families and Households (7 decks)

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