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Integ Patho (PTH 701) Quiz #1 > 5. Burns > Flashcards

5. Burns Flashcards

1
Q

Are burns bad?

A

Yes, don’t get them.

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2
Q

Why do doors open out?

A

Fire code - no stampedes

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3
Q

Who played in the football game where everyone died?

A

BC and Holy Cross - 1942

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4
Q

Where’s a bad place in the USA to get a burn due to no burn centers?

A

Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, the Dakotas (e.g. Fargo)

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5
Q

Why have deaths and %TBSA decreased?

A

Better prevention efforts

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6
Q

Where does Maine rank of death rates from fire?

A

Below national average, but only as of late. Used to be WAY above. Oil Embargo of ‘74 (‘Nam) made it all worse.

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7
Q

Most prevalent type of burn?

A

42% - fire/flame

31% - scald
9% - contact
4% - electrical
3% - chemical
11% - other (e.g. radiation)
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8
Q

Where are most healing factors in the skin?

A

In the dermis. This is bad if it is injured

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9
Q

Which layer only heals by scar tissue?

A

Subcutaneous layer

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10
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection, fluid balance, thermo-regulation, neurosensation, social interaction, metabolism (vitamin D)

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11
Q

What are the 3 zones of Thermal Injury?

A

Zone of Hyperemia
Zone of Stasis
Zone of Coagulation

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12
Q

What is the Zone of Coagulation?

A

Trace tissue necrosis

  • Where it was hit
  • Black, white, or brown
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13
Q

What is the Zone of Hyperemia?

A

pink/red surrounding edges due to inflammation

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14
Q

What is the Zone of Stasis?

A

Main focus of burn care!

  • edema, slow capillary refill
  • ALL efforts should be towards Zone of Stasis
  • Change the zone, change the overall appearance
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15
Q

What are the different types of burn depths?

A

Partial Superficial = Top of Dermis
Partial Deep = bottom of Dermis
Full - through the dermis –> skin graft needed

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of superficial partial thickness burns?

A 
Color red-pink
Wet, weeping fluid
\+ cap refill
\+/- blisters
\+hair (HAIR IS INTACT)
\+ sensation / pain (ask about sensation)
\+soft compliant texture
Recovery time = 5-10 days
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Deep Partial Thickness burns?

A 
Color = pale red - pink (SALMON color)
-More pale = more deep
Wet-dry (deeper = more dry)
\+/- hair (some intact, some not)
Sluggish cap refill
Pain not so intense (not acute)
-Do sensation test for LIGHT TOUCH
Texture more firm, like leather.
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of a full thickness burn?

A 
Color = white (char may be present)
Dry appearing, like leather.
NO cap refill
NO intact hair
NO pain 
-Increased pressure detection

But can still be red. Do not go by color alone

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19
Q

Adults vs Kids?

A

Kids under 1 have thin skin. More susecptible to burns (same w/ old people)

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20
Q

Time vs Temp in Heat Tolerance?

A

Big increase at 130 degrees. This is why hot water heaters are set to 125 degrees.

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21
Q

When should you suspect neglect or abuse?

A

Burn should be a V pattern going down (less severe at bottom). Likely will NOT be symmetrical.

Abuse will produce clear immersion lines. Be cautious if someone other than caregiver brings the pt in, or if there is a delay in treatment.

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22
Q

When do you refer to a burn center? (WILL BE ON THE QUIZ PER RIJO RAJAN)

A 
Partial thickness burn > 10% TBSA
Burn of face, hands, feet, genitals, perineum, or major joints
Full thickness
Electrical burns
Inhalation injury w/ burn
Pre-existing medical conditions
Children if qualified personnel are not there
Special emotional or social needs
Long term follow-up
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23
Q

What are the 3 phases of burn injury?

A
  1. Emergent Phase (0-72 hours)
    - Perfuse all major organs (resuscitation)
  2. Acute Phase (lasts until wounds are healed - longest phase)
    - Provide for wound healing, prevent complications
  3. Rehab phase (begins on admission)
    - Return to pre-burn level of function
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24
Q

Who is on the burn team?

A

Lots of people. Dietitians, mental health, and social workers included. Make sure they ask about inhalation injury!

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25
Q

What happens immediately post-burn?

A

Fluid shifts and evaporative losses

  • Interruption of thermo-regulation
  • Hypermetabolic response (body goes into overdrive)
  • Loss of protective barrier (must manually protect patient from infection)

Lots of swelling in the 1st 24 hours - 40% humidity and keep the room hot!

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26
Q

What is the rule of 9’s?

A 
Chest = 18%
Back = 18
Leg = 18 (9% front, 9% back)
Leg #2 = 18% (9% front, 9% back)
Arm = 9% (4.5% front, 4.5% back)
Arm #2 = 9% (4.5% front, 4.5% back)
Head = 9%
Groin = 1%

1% = size of patient’s hands

In babies, Legs are 14% each and head is 18%

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27
Q

When is fluid resuscitation indicated?

A

For burns > 15% TBSA

-Obtain venous access early (2 lg IV’s)

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28
Q

How much fluid do you give?

A

(Given over 24 hours) Initial volume:

2-4mL x kg x %TBSA (usually 4 mL)

  • Give 1/2 of the amount in first 8 hours since burn
  • Give other 1/2 over the next 16 hours

*Only a guide, adjust according to patient response

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29
Q

You should avoid frequent fluid bolus except in?

A

Marked hypotension (not low u/o)
Aim for u/o of 30-50 mL in the adult, 1cc/kg/hr in the child
Hct will normalize as patient is resuscitated

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30
Q

What are some CV effects after a burn?

A

Increased CO
Increased HR (120 bpm is normal)
Watch for perfusion problems due to edema
Escharotomies? (getting rid of dead tissue after full thickness burns)
Increased temperatures

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31
Q

Is BP an adeqaute indicator of volume status?

A

No, it is not.

32
Q

What are the metabolic considerations with all patients??

A

Core temperature elevated
Limited glycogen stores in children

Temp is raised 2-3 degrees higher than normal, can last 3-4 months

33
Q

How do you Minimized metabolic expenditures?

A 
Warm the patient (don't let them waste calories on staying warm)
Close wounds early
Minimize stressors (pain, hypothermia)
Feed early 
 20% enteral feeds
Minimize pain
34
Q

When does Fluid Re-Mobilization occur?

A

3 days post-burn

35
Q

What are the evaporative water loses?

A

4L/m^2 of burn

Greater in children and greater with pulmonary injury and high air loss beds

36
Q

What injury accounts for most fatalities at the scene?

A

Smoke inhalation (70%)

  • CO poisoning
  • Injury above or below glottis
37
Q

What causes an inhalation injury in the lower airway

A

Caused by inhaled steam, toxic substances (fumes, gases or mists), or gas under pressure

Results in physiological changes (ciliary activity, bronchi-spasm, impaired immune defenses, increased airway resistances, hypoxia, possible respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation)

38
Q

What does heat alone damage?

A

Heat alone usually only damages the upper airways and may cause edema and possible obstruction if severe enough

Get a good history:

  • enclosed space
  • unconscious?
  • suspect inhaled noxious fumes?

Look for lots of stuff in physical assessment

39
Q

What is bad about CO?

A

CO has 250 times the affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen (O2), binds to all the O2 receptor sites decreasing the ability of hemoglobin to carry O2 to the tissues

40
Q

What is falsely elevated with CO?

A

Measurements of arterial O2 levels and pulse ox DO NOT REFLECT the amount of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) present in the blood may be normal despite LETHAL COHb levels

41
Q

What is a normal COHb level?

A 
0-15%
15-20 = headache and confusion
20-40 
40-60 - real bad stuff
Mortally is > 50 = damage to lungs
42
Q

CAn you determine severity of smoke inhalation during initial eval?

A

no

CXR normal
Pulse ox nomral

Must follow fluid resusictation

43
Q

How to treat smoke inhalation?

A

Hyperbaric chamber et al

44
Q

When does a person get reverse isolation?

A

> 15% TBSA

45
Q

Should you remove a blister or no?

A

No one knows. Mixed results

If blister still there after 1-2 weeks, just pop it.

  • But leave them intact on palms and soles
  • MUST SHAVE HAIR AROUND THE SITE
46
Q

What to use for burn blister?

A

Silvadene - requires debridement with dressing change
It is a broad spectrum antimicrobial

*Be sure to separate fingers with gauze

47
Q

What is the “creamy layer”

A

Psuedo-eschar

GET IT OFF

48
Q

Should you disrupt epithelial budding?

A

no

49
Q

What is Xeroform?

A

Yellow greasy gauze
PROTECTS EPIDERMIS AND ALLOWS EPITHELIUM TO GROW (used for protection only)
No antimicrobial properties
*Cannot use over necrotic tissue
Can be uncomfortable when dry and limit ROM

50
Q

What is Gentamicin?

A

Broad spectrum
Easy to use
Cleanse wounds and reapply 3-4 times per day
Most commonly used on facial burns
(stay away from triple, many people allergic)

51
Q

What is Sulfamylon?

A

Available as a cream of 5% topical solution
Broad spectrum, effective against pseudomonas
Penetrates eschar, most commonly used on ears
SE: pain, metabolic acidosis

52
Q

What are silver dressings?

A

Silver Nitrate Solution
Apply moist and keep moist!!!
Change Q8-12H
Watch for electrolyte imbalances

53
Q

What is Aquacel AG

A

Composed of 1.2% ionic silver
Creates a gel as it absorbs wound drainage
Change Q3-14 days

Partial: leave for up to 14 days - inspect after first 48 hrs
Full: change 3-7 days
-May be covered with other dressings; can leave yellow film on

54
Q

What are hydrocolloids?

A

Wafers, paste, or powders composed of gelatin, pectin, or carboxymethyl -cellulose
-Minimal to moderate absorption
Autolytic debridement
Good for small deep partial or full thickness burns

As dressing absorbs exudate, forms viscous gel (must be cleansed with dsg changes)
Impermeable to bacteria
Reduces pain
Change Q3-5 days
Foul odor may be confused with infection
55
Q

Duoderm Signal Dressing?

A

If the bubble goes past the green line, change it.
DO NOT CUT THE DRESSING
Works best if left in place for several days
Tan gelatinous drainage is not “pus” - it’s normal

56
Q

BioBrane?

A

Silocone / nylon membrane bonded with collagen
-Closes the wound, reducing water loss, infection, and pain
-Used on superficial partial thickness burns
Allows visualization and ROM

57
Q

What type of burn is sunburn?

A

Partial thickness burn

58
Q

What is Integra?

A

Approved for use on large or complex burns in 1996

  • Approved for burn reconstruction in 2001
  • Dermal regeneration template

Artificial dermis; silocone layer fit by surgeon, very expensive. Must avoid shearing due to regrowing blood vessels (PT will be limited) - better than a mesh skin graft

Reduces scar, makes skin less rigid due to dermal elements

59
Q

How do you manage pain?

A

Cover wounds as quickly as possible, medications
Elevate extremities
Keep warm

60
Q

What is Xeroform?

A 
Inexpensive and easy to use
Remove outer dsg at 24 hours
Air dry
Wrap posterior sites with bulky DSD daily
Healed in 10-14 days

Trim to fit then apply lotion to skin

61
Q

What is Op-Site?

A 
Inexpensive
Reduces pain
Need intact skin at periphery to use
Fluid may build-up under dsg
Heals in 7-10 days (FASTER!)
62
Q

What are the two most common causes of death in wound infections?

A

Sepsis and pneumonia

63
Q

What are risk factors for burn wound infection?

A

> 30% TBSA
Wound dryness
Depth
Age of pt

64
Q

What are local signs of wound infections?

A 
Color or texture changes
PPeri-wound erythema
Wound conversion (from partial to full thickness)
Ulcerations
Dx by Quantitative Cultures! (not swab!)
65
Q

What is a HSV Infection?

A 
Re-activation of the virus
Usually facial burns present
Intubated
Crater-like wounds, serrated edges (irregualr)
High fever, other cultures negative
Wounds at a standstill

Must use topical systemic anti-virus
DEEP!

66
Q

Nutrition?

A

Protein repletion, limit weight loss to 15-20% TBSA burn

67
Q

Other nutrition considerations?

A

Encourage family to bring in favorite foods
Offer burn frappes and snacks between meals
Avoid activities at meal time
Treat nausea
Caloric counts and weekly weights
D/C: eat high calorie / high protein while healing, instant breakfast, etc

Every 8oz of burn is 26g of protein?

68
Q

Should you dilute chemicals with water in cases of burns?

A

yes, unless it is Hydrochloric acid (must use calcum gluconate gel)

69
Q

Where will electrical burns travel

A

Thru path of least resistance (nerves, blood, mucous membranes, muscles)

NOT thru bones, fat and tendons

Skin has intermediate resistance, unless wet

Can result in indirect injury due to severe muscle contraction

No organ is safe

  • CNS may show symptoms much later
  • Bones may break
70
Q

How to treat electrical burns?

A

Increase IV fluids to main u/o of 100 mL/hr until urine is clear

  • May need bicard to make urine alkaline
  • Use Mannitol 12.5g/L if urine does not clean with fluids alone
  • Fascioectomy, ophthalmologic eval, telemetry
71
Q

What are two Exfoliative Diseases?

A

Stephen’s Johnson’s Syndrome (SJS) 30%TBSA

Eryhtemia Multiforme Minor
(Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome)

72
Q

What causes SJS and TEN

A

Immunologic reactions to certain agents (usually drugs)
Skin biopsy needed for diagnosis
+Nikolsky’s sign
2 or more areas of mucosal involvement typical (precedes skin lesions by 1-3 days)

73
Q

How to treat SJS and TEN?

A

Remove cause and protect dermal surface - early closure
(use antibiotics with SSSS)
Protect eyes
Nutrition and fluid
Corticosteroid therapy
Maintain thermal reguation and prevent pressure injury

74
Q

What are the degrees of frost bite?

A

Mild (red, slightly cyanotic, burning)
Moderate (waxy white, serous fld, blisters, intense pain, hard eschar may form)
Severe (hard, not able to depress, cold, mottled, blisters)

75
Q

How to treat frostbite?

A 
Rapid rewarming (100-110 F bath, 30-60 mins)
Doppler
Tetanus
Medications
Protect areas
Wait it out!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Integ Patho (PTH 701) Quiz #1 (8 decks)

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