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Body Systems > 5. Blood Vessels > Flashcards

5. Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the tunica intima

A

Endothelium lining made of simple squamous epithelial cells.

  • contains a basal lamina of the epithelial cells.
  • Subendothelial connective tissues.
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2
Q

Describe the structure of the Tunica media

A

Smooth muscle fibres in loose connective tissue.

Contains elastic fibre sometimes.

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3
Q

Describe the structure of the Tunica externa/adventitia

A
  • Connective tissue
  • stabilises blood vessel
  • Comprised mainly of Collagen
  • Merges with surrounding connective tissue
  • Can contain vaso vasorum.
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4
Q

Examples of the elastic conducting arteries

A

Brachiocephalic
Common carotid
Aorta.

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5
Q

Name two examples of muscular distributing arteries

A

Brachial and femoral

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6
Q

State the structural adaptations of elastic conducting arteries

A

Thick tunica media
Many elastic fibres
Few smooth muscle cells
Elastic fibres recoil when the heart relaxes.

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7
Q

State the strucural adaptations of the muscular distributing arteries

A

Thick tunica media

thick tunica externa.

Lots of smooth muscle cells.

Distinct internal and external elastic laminae

Diameter = 0.5mm

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8
Q

What is the diamter of the muscular distributing arteries

A

0.5-0.4cm

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9
Q

State the diameter of the elastic conducting arteries

A

diameter can be up to 2.5 cm

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10
Q

State the diameter of the arterioles

A

< 30uM

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11
Q

Which of the 3 arteries has the largest diameter

A

The elastic conducting arteries

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12
Q

What are the structural adaptations of the aterioles

A

one to two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media

poorly defined tunica externa

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13
Q

What is the size of the capillaries

A

8 micrometers in diameter

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14
Q

State the general features of capillaries

A

connects arterioles and venules via microcirculation

sites of gaseous exchange

thin walls facilitate diffusion

blood blow through capillaires is slow

Structure permits 2 way exchange

8 micrometers

found near every cell

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15
Q

What does the capillary sphincter do, and what does contraction and relaxation of the capillary do.

A

Capillary sphincter guards the entrance to each capillary

contraction narrows the entrance

relaxation dilates the entrance

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16
Q

What is the arteriovenous anastomoses and what does this structure permit

A

Forms direct communication between the arteriole and the venule

When dilated blood bypasses the capillary bed and flows directly to venous circulation

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17
Q

3 Types of Arteries

A

Elastic (Conducting) Artery

Muscular (Distributing) Artery

Arterioles (resistance vessels)

18
Q

Describe the Elastic (Conducting) Artery. Give examples

A

Withstand changes in pressure during the cardiac cycle and ensure continuous blood flow - when the heart is contracts the pressure is very high in vessel.

Diameter: up to 2.5 cm

e.g. aorta, brachiocephalic & common carotid

19
Q

Describe the Arterioles (resistance vessels).

A

Capable of vasoconstriction & vasodilation
Control blood flow to organs
Involved in blood pressure control
Diameter: ≤ 30 µm

20
Q

Structural Adaptations of Arterioles (resistance vessels)

A

one to two layers of smooth muscle cells in tunica media

poorly defined tunica externa

21
Q

Describe a Capillary

A
  • Connect arterioles and venules (microcirculation)
  • Site of gaseous exchange
  • Thin walls facilitate diffusion – endothelium & basement membrane
  • No Tunica media or Tunica externa/adventia
  • Structure permits 2-way exchange
  • 8-μm (micrometres) in diameter
  • Blood flow through capillaries is slow, so gas exchange can occur.
22
Q

What are the 3 types of Capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids

23
Q

What is a Continuous Capillary?

A
  • Majority are continuous*

- Found in skeletal and smooth muscle, CT and the lungs

24
Q

What is a Fenestrated Capillary?

A
  • Pores penetrate the endothelium
  • Allow rapid exchange of water or larger solutes (e.g. small peptides)
  • Found in kidney, choroid plexus and endocrine glands - more permeable
25
Q

What is a Sinusoid Capillary?

A
  • Spaces between endothelial cells - Very leaky
  • Incomplete or absent BM
  • Exchange of large solutes i.e. plasma proteins
  • Slow flow
  • Found in the liver
26
Q

What controls the flow through capillary beds?

A

Metarterioles
Precapillary sphincters
Arteriovenous Anastomoses

27
Q

Describe Metarterioles

A

Metarterioles supply whole capillary beds

Each metarteriole continues as a thoroughfare channel which leads directly to a vein and has numerous capillaries leading off it

Constriction of the metarteriole can reduce flow to a whole capillary bed

28
Q

Describe Precapillary Sphincters

A

Precapillary sphincters guard the entrance to each capillary

Contraction narrows the entrance and reduces flow

Relaxation dilates the entrance and increase flow

29
Q

Describe Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

Form direct communication between the arteriole and venule

When dilated blood bypasses the capillary bed and flows directly to venous circulation

30
Q

Define Capitance

A

the word explaining the relationship between the volume of blood in a vessel and the blood pressure

31
Q

What is the systemic Circulation?

A
  • High pressure system (arterial side)
  • Takes oxygen rich blood from the left side of the heart to the body tissues
  • Returns oxygen poor blood from the tissues to the right side of the heart
32
Q

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

A
  • Low pressure system
  • Takes blood low in oxygen from the right side of the heart to the lungs
  • Takes blood rich in oxygen from the lungs to the left side of the heart
  • Pulmonary arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart therefore oxygen poor
  • Pulmonary veins carry blood TOWARDS the heart therefore are oxygen rich
33
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

In the capillary the fluid is termed plasma, in the interstitial space it is called interstitial fluid

34
Q

How does fluid move in and out of the interstitial space?

A

Fluid moves from the arterial end of the capillary into the interstitial space

Fluid moves from the interstitial space back into the capillary at the venous end

35
Q

What happens in capillary exchange?

A

Capillary blood pressure is greater than Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure at arterial end. Filtration occurs, pushing fluid out of capil into interstitial fluid

BCOP is greater than CBP at arterial end. Reabsorbtion occurs, pulling fluid back into capillary.
BCOP is mainly due to plasma proteins

36
Q

How much fluid is reabsorbed in capillary exchange?

A

85%

37
Q

How is excess interstitial fluid removed?

A
  • Lymph capillaries are blind ended tubes that are located adjacent to capillary beds
  • The excess interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillary and is called lymph
  • Lymph passes through the lymphatic circulation and returns to the blood vascular system
38
Q

How is Lymph Drained?

A

From the Lymph capillaries, to lymph vessels, goes through the lymph nodes, to the lymph trunks, to the thoracic duct or to the right lymphatic duct

39
Q

Role of the Right lymphatic duct in lymph drainage

A

It Drains lymph from the right side of the head & thorax and right upper limb.
Drains into the right subclavian vein

40
Q

Role of the Thoracic duct in lymph drainage

A

It Drains lymph from the remainder of the body into the left subclavian vein

Body Systems (17 decks)

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