5. An Overview of Organic Reactions

Question 1

The more electronegative atom has the greater electron
density

Question 2

a change in electron distribution as a
response to change in electronic nature of the
surroundings

Answer 2

Polarization

Question 3

tendency to undergo polarization

Answer 3

Polarizability

Question 4

occur between regions of high
electron density and regions of low electron density

Answer 4

Polar reactions

Question 5

electron poor; lewis acid

Answer 5

electrophile

Question 6

electron rich; lewis base

Answer 6

nucleophile

Question 7

The multiplied concentrations of the products
divided by the multiplied concentrations of the
reactant

Answer 7

equilibrium constant, Keq

Question 8

this indicates
that at equilibrium most of the material is present as
products

Answer 8

value of Keq
is greater than 1

Question 9

the concentration of the product
is ten times that of the reactant

Answer 9

Keq is 10

Question 10

at
equilibrium most of the material is present as the
reactant

Answer 10

Keq is less than one

Question 11

the concentration of the reactant is ten times that of the product

Answer 11

Keq is 0.10

Question 12

The ratio of products to reactants is controlled by
their relative

Answer 12

Gibbs free energy

Question 13

If Keq> 1, energy is

Answer 13

released to the surroundings; exergonic reaction

Question 14

If Keq< 1, energy is

Answer 14

absorbed from the surroundings; endergonic reaction

Question 15

The standard free energy change at 1 atm pressure
and 298 K is delta G degrees

Question 16

amount of energy
required to break a given bond to produce two radical
fragments when the molecule is in the gas phase at
25 ̊ C

Answer 16

Bond dissociation energy

Question 17

The highest energy
point in a reaction step

Answer 17

Transition state

Question 18

The energy needed to go from reactant to transition state is the

Answer 18

activation energy

Question 19

If a reaction occurs in more
than one step, it must
involve species that are
neither the reactant nor the
final product

Answer 19

reaction intermediates/ intermediates

Question 20

two molecules combine

Answer 20

addition reaction

Question 21

one molecule splits into two; acid catalyst

Answer 21

elimination reactions

Question 22

parts from two molecules exchange; light

Answer 22

substitution

Question 23

a molecule undergoes
changes in the way its atoms are connected; acid catalyst

Answer 23

rearrangement

Question 24

one bonding electron stays with each product

Answer 24

symmetrical bond breaking

Question 25

one bonding electron is donated by each reactant

Answer 25

symmetrical bond making

Question 26

two bonding electrons stay with one product

Answer 26

unsymmetrical bond breaking

Question 27

two bonding electrons are donated by one reactant

Answer 27

unsymmetrical bond making

Question 28

homolytic

Answer 28

symmetrical

Question 29

heterolytic

Answer 29

unsymmetrical

Question 30

react to complete electron octet of valence
shell

can break a bond in another molecule
and abstract a partner with an electron, giving
substitution in the original molecule

can add to an alkene to give a new
radical, causing an addition reaction

Answer 30

radicals

Question 31

homolytic formation of two reactive species with
unpaired electrons

Answer 31

initiation

Question 32

reaction with molecule to generate radical

Answer 32

propagation

Question 33

combination of two radicals to form a stable
product

Answer 33

termination

Question 34

The arrow goes from the nucleophilic reaction site to
the electrophilic reaction site

Question 35

delta H - negative

Answer 35

exothermic (releases heat)

Question 36

delta H - positive

Answer 36

endothermic (absorbs heat)

Question 37

delta S - negative

Answer 37

randomness decreases

Question 38

delta S - positive

Answer 38

randomness increases

Question 39

delta G - negative

Answer 39

favorable equililbrium constant, exergonic, and occur spontaneously

Question 40

delta G - positive

Answer 40

unfavorable equilibrium constant, endergonic, and cannot occur spontaneously