5

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

The cumulative change of heritable gene controlled characteristics over many generations

Question 2

How do fossil records show evolution?

Answer 2

• they show the gradual change of species over time
• the timeline in which fossils appear are what are expected with bacteria and algae oldest, followed by shelled animals, then dinosaurs, early reptiles and then birds and mammals

Question 3

How does selective breeding show evolution?

Answer 3

• shows record of recent changes in genetic characteristics over a few dozens of generations

Question 4

What are homologous structures?

Answer 4

• common internal structures that are similar in seemingly dissimilar animals which have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 5

What is the example of a homologous structure?

Answer 5

The Pentadactyl limb, which is a five digit limb found in animals, such as humans, dolphins, bats and dogs

Question 6

What is speciation?

Answer 6

When 2 populations of the same species become separated so they cannot interbreed, natural selection will act differently on those 2 separate populations. These are will become recognisably different over time.

Question 7

What is evidence for evolution?

Answer 7

• Fossil records
• selective breeding
• homologous structure
• speciation

Question 8

What causes genetic variation?

Answer 8

• In meiosis there are 2n possible variations of chromosomes in the sex cells
• crossing over of homologous chromosomes in prophase 1
• genetic mutations where new alleles are produced

Question 9

How does struggle for survival contribute to natural selection?

Answer 9

• populations produce more offspring than the environment can support
• this causes an increased demand for resources
• which causes competition within a population
• those with beneficial genetic traits out compete and survive and reproduce

Question 10

How does antibiotic resistance happen?

Answer 10

• anti- biotics kill or weaken bacteria so your immune system can fight the pathogen
• some bacteria might not die due to changes in DNA- mutations and thy transfer an antibiotic resistant gene
• this is more likely to occur if the proper amounts of antibiotic aren’t taken or a course isn’t finished
• resistant bacteria survive and reproduce and make you sick in the future

Question 11

What two parts are in binomial nomenclature?

Answer 11

Genus and species

Question 12

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 12

Eukaryotes, bacteria, archea

Question 13

What is a dichotomous key?

Answer 13

A key constructed of a series of statements arranged into pairs. The two descriptors represent separate choices or characteristics that determine the difference between 2 organisms

Question 14

What are the characteristics of bryophytes?

Answer 14

No vascular tissue, very small, spore to reproduce. Example- moss

Question 15

What are the characteristics of filicinophytes?

Answer 15

Vascular tissue, use spore to reproduce, ex- fern

Question 16

What are characteristics of coniferophytes?

Answer 16

Vascular tissue, use naked seeds to reproduce, woody. Ex- pines

Question 17

What are characteristics of angiospermophytes?

Answer 17

Vascular tissue, produce flowers

Question 18

What are characteristics of Porifera?

Answer 18

Sponges- no mouth or anus, filter food from current, attached to rocky surfaces

Question 19

What are characteristics of Cnidaria

Answer 19

Jellies- radical symmetry, has mouth but no anus, stinging cells

Question 20

What are characteristics of Platyhelminthes

Answer 20

Flatworms- bilateral symmetry, mouth and but no anus, no segmentation

Question 21

What are characteristics of Annelida?

Answer 21

Segmented worms- bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus

Question 22

What are characteristics of mollusca?

Answer 22

Squid- bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, shell

Question 23

What are characteristics of Arthropoda?

Answer 23

Insects- bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, jointed, exoskeleton

Question 24

What are the characteristics of of mammals?

Answer 24

• 4 pentadactyl limbs
• lungs w alveoli
• internal fertilisation
• give birth
  / hairs from skin
• teeth including living tissue

Question 25

What are characteristics of birds?

Answer 25

• 4 pentadactyl limbs, 2 limbs modified as wings
• lungs with parabronchial tubes
• internal fertilisation
• hard shells around eggs
• feathers
• beaks

Question 26

What are the characteristics of reptiles?

Answer 26

• 4 pentadactyl limbs
• lungs with extensive folding
• internal fertilisation
• soft shells around eggs
• dry scaly impermeable skin

Question 27

What are characteristics of amphibians?

Answer 27

• 4 pentadactyl limbs
• simple lungs with small internal folds and moist surfaces
• external fertilisation in water
• protective jelly around eggs
• laval stage lives in water
• soft moist permeable skin

Question 28

What are the characteristics of fish?

Answer 28

• fins
• gills
• external fertilisation
• scaled from the skin
• single full slit
• swim bladder for buoyancy

Question 29

What is a cladogram?

Answer 29

A tree diagram showing similarities between species

Question 30

What do nodes show?

Answer 30

A speciation event when a common ancestor splits into 2 or more species

Question 31

How is evidence for which species is in a clade obtained?

Answer 31

Amino acid sequences of certain proteins and base sequences of genes

Question 32

What is a molecular clock?

Answer 32

The rate at which mutations occur

Question 33

What is analogous structure?

Answer 33

When some animals belonging to different groups live in similar habitats develop simple similar structures, but have no common ancestor

Question 34

What are the properties of bacteria domain?

Answer 34

Circular chromosomes
No histoines
No introns in genes
Peptidoglycin cell wall
Ester lipids in cell membrane with D glycerol

Question 35

What are properties of archaea domain?

Answer 35

Circular chromosomes 
Histoines present
No introns in genes
Has cell wall
Ether group in cell wall, L glycerol

Question 36

What are properties of eukaryota domain?

Answer 36

Linear chromosomes
Has histoines
Has introns in genes
Rarely has cell wall
Eager bond in lipids with D glycerol