5/6 Flashcards
Ethan is struggling to make enough money to pay his rent and buy food. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Ethan is attempting to meet his:
self-efficacy needs.
psychological needs.
psychological needs.
basic needs.
basic needs
Ethan and Holly were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Holly felt strongly that although things would probably be chaotic at first, people would very naturally strive to help each other in constructive ways. Holly’s views are most similar to those of:
Sigmund Freud.
Carl Rogers.
Alfred Adler.
Carl Jung.
Carl Rogers
Unconscious repentance is to the ego defense mechanism of _____ as going to the opposite extreme is to the ego defense mechanism of _____.
displacement; sublimation
rationalization; repression
undoing; reaction formation
denial; projection
undoing; reaction formation
Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur’s office because he felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark’s behavior toward the other student?
displacement
sublimation
denial
rationalization
displacement
Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke’s parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers’s terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.
conditional positive regard
reciprocal determinism
unconditional positive regard
incongruence
unconditional positive regard
You take a seat on a crowded bus, and overhear the woman behind you having a spirited conversation on her cell phone in a foreign language. Although you can’t see her face or understand a word she’s saying, you can:
A. predict the cultural display rules that will influence her facial expressions.
B. determine whether the conversation is with a relative or a nonrelative.
C. accurately determine the emotions that she’s expressing.
D. guess the emotions she is expressing, but not with much accuracy.
C. accurately determine the emotions that she’s expressing
While talking to another coworker, Doug makes many hateful comments about Brian behind his back. Later that morning when he sees Brian, Doug acts very friendly to Brian and offers to buy him lunch. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Doug’s behavior?
sublimation
undoing
repression
projection
undoing
When she arrived as a freshman at State College, Mackenzie wanted to take advantage of the cafeteria meals that were included in the cost of her room and board. But between the eat-as-much-as-you-want cafeteria meals, the hours spent studying each day, and mostly sitting for her job at the library reception desk, Mackenzie had gained 12 pounds by Thanksgiving break. Mackenzie was experiencing:
positive energy balance.
leptin resistance.
negative energy balance.
energy homeostasis.
positive energy balance
The need to feel that your activities are self-chosen and self-endorsed defines _____, which is a fundamental motive in _____.
A. autonomy; the hierarchy of needs
B. autonomy; self-determination theory
C. self-efficacy; achievement motivation
D. competence; achievement motivation
B. autonomy; self-determination theory
About 10 or 15 minutes after Jim starts his daily five-mile jog, he usually begins to perspire heavily. His body’s tendency to maintain a steady temperature through the cooling action of sweating is a function of:
homeostasis.
self-determination.
incentive motivation.
autonomy.
homeostasis
Which of the following is an example of an emblem?
A. nodding your head to mean “yes”
B. looking away and smiling sheepishly when you’re embarrassed
C. wearing white to a funeral in Atlanta
D. running when frightened
A. nodding your head to mean “yes”
Drew is in his early forties. If he is typical of people his age, his basal metabolic rate (BMR) has _____ compared with when he was in his early twenties.
increased sharply
decreased gradually
increased gradually
decreased sharply
decreased gradually
In response to fasting, undereating, or dieting, fat cells shrink and weight loss occurs. Which of the following internal changes occurs to promote eating behavior, weight gain, and restore a person’s typical body weight?
A. increased cholecystokinin (CCK) activity in the brain
B. increased basal metabolic rate (BMR)
C. increased blood levels of leptin and insulin
D. increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) activity in the brain
D. increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) activity in the brain
The inferiority complex is to _____ as basic anxiety is to _____.
Adler; Horney
Jung; Adler
Horney; Jung
Adler; Jung
Adler; Horney
Which of the following is NOT one of the levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A. the need for safety, food, and shelter
B. the need to belong and have intimate love and friendship relationships
C. the need to become rich, famous, and powerful
D. the need to become self-actualized
C. the need to become rich, famous, and powerful
Which of the following statements about ego defense mechanisms is FALSE?
A. According to Freud, using ego defense mechanisms requires psychological energy.
B. Psychologically healthy people often use ego defense mechanisms to temporarily deal with stressful events.
C. Ego defense mechanisms can be a way of psychologically buying time while seeking a realistic solution to a problem.
D. Using ego defense mechanisms increases feelings of anxiety.
D. Using ego defense mechanisms increases feelings of anxiety
A researcher classically conditioned a dog to salivate every 60 minutes by presenting the dog with food at 60-minute intervals throughout the day. Following this procedure, what is the researcher likely to observe?
A. Because no other signals were used, the dog will fail to develop a conditioned response.
B. It is very likely that the dog will salivate every time it sees the researcher.
C. The dog’s desire to eat will diminish, a phenomenon termed “sensory-specific satiety.”
D. The 60-minute interval will become a conditioned stimulus, triggering the conditioned response of salivation.
D. The 60-minute interval will become a conditioned stimulus, triggering the conditioned response of salivation
Eight-year-old Alex plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Alex’s behavior suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
phallic
genital
latency
oral
latency
In contrast to Freud, Carl Jung believed that:
A. there were eight stages of psychosexual development.
B. people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority.
C. men often suffer from womb envy.
D. personality continues to develop in significant ways throughout the lifespan.
D. personality continues to develop in significant ways throughout the lifespan
Which of the following is the BEST example of how achievement motivation might be expressed in a collectivistic culture?
A. You practice guitar every day because you want to become a rock star.
B. You strive to become your company’s top salesperson because you want to make a lot of money.
C. You study hard to gain admission to a top university because you want to enhance your family’s social standing.
D. You practice tennis every day so that you can make your school’s varsity team.
C. You study hard to gain admission to a top university because you want to enhance your family’s social standing
As a child, Dan loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older, he realized that he couldn’t continue that kind of behavior unless he found some way for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable. Upon realizing this, Dan decides to pursue a career as a circus clown. According to Freud, Dan’s _____, which operates on the _____ principle, is responsible for finding a socially acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.
id; pleasure
ego; reality
superego; morality
defense mechanism; denial
ego; reality
Shortly after he finished a strenuous aerobic workout, Gary went on a date with Tricia. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Gary’s perception of Tricia’s attractiveness:
A. may be influenced by his physiological arousal.
B. is not likely to be influenced by his physiological arousal.
C. will depend entirely on her level of physiological arousal.
D. will depend on the attractiveness of the other women he sees while on the date.
A. may be influenced by his physiological arousal
When his boss yelled at him and called him lazy and incompetent just because he was five minutes late for work, Joshua simultaneously felt embarrassment, guilt, anger, shame, and anxiety. Joshua experienced:
A. anthropomorphism.
B. basic emotions only.
C. a blend of emotions.
D. activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C. a blend of emotions
As you’re stretched out on the couch watching a late-night rerun of your favorite TV show, commercial after commercial comes on showing mouthwatering images of burgers, tacos, pizza, ice cream, and so on. These commercials are designed to heighten your anticipation of the pleasures of eating these foods, which is termed:
sensory-specific satiety.
positive incentive value.
the classically conditioned eating response.
positive energy balance.
positive incentive value
Haley savored the wonderful smell and taste of the first Godiva chocolate that Connor offered her. And, the second Godiva chocolate was almost as good. But, when Connor offered her a third Godiva chocolate, Haley’s desire to eat more of the chocolate had diminished and she declined the offer. Which of the following concepts best explains Haley’s reduced desire to continue eating the chocolate?
A. the cafeteria diet effect
B. positive incentive value
C. set-point theory
D. sensory-specific satiety
D. sensory-specific satiety
Freud believed that the Oedipus complex produces _____ in little boys and _____ in little girls.
penis envy; womb envy
castration anxiety; womb envy
womb envy; penis envy
castration anxiety; penis envy
castration anxiety; penis envy
When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of _____ theories of motivation.
drive
arousal
instinct
incentive
drive
According to the evolutionary perspective, what is the adaptive value of the cafeteria diet effect?
A. A species that feeds almost entirely on one type of food can adapt to a wider range of environments, increasing the likelihood of survival.
B. Species developing a preference for a nearby food source will roam less, thus reducing exposure to predators.
C. Survival is promoted by being able to locate food at any time of day or night.
D. Consuming a variety of foods promotes survival by ensuring that essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals are obtained.
D. Consuming a variety of foods promotes survival by ensuring that essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals are obtained.
Eric was once seriously injured in a hang-gliding accident, yet he continues to engage in this dangerous activity. Freud would probably explain Eric’s dangerous hobby as a reflection of:
Thanatos.
Eros.
the reality principle.
the superego.
Thanatos
It is an innate characteristic of Canada geese to fly south in the winter. This behavior is an example of:
intrinsic motivation.
incentive motivation.
an instinct.
a drive.
an instinct.
Twenty-five-year-old Heather was overweight. After going on a diet, she successfully lost 15 pounds. If Heather is typical of most people who lose weight, she will:
A. maintain her new weight until she reaches her late thirties or early forties.
B. probably lose an additional 5 to 8 pounds over the next year.
C. regain the weight she lost in a matter of weeks or months.
D. have a BMI of 20 or less and maintain that level indefinitely.
C. regain the weight she lost in a matter of weeks or months
After his third helping of apple pie and ice cream, Nathan feels quite full. His satiation is due, at least in part, to increased levels of the:
hormone epinephrine.
hormone ghrelin.
hormone cholecystokinin (CCK).
neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY).
hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)
Womb envy is to _____ as penis envy is to _____.
Horney; Adler
Horney; Freud
Jung; Adler
Jung; Freud
Horney; Freud
“Punctual behavior” is to “conscientious attitude” as _____ is to _____.
introversion; extraversion
surface trait; source trait
anima; animus
personality type; personality trait
surface trait; source trait
Ricardo has been feeling gloomy and generally discontented ever since the semester ended two weeks ago. When he received his transcript in the mail and discovered that the lowest grade he got was a B+, he felt elated and overjoyed. Ricardo’s two states (pervasive gloominess and sudden intense joy) illustrate the difference between _____ and _____.
motivation; emotion
psychological states; physiological states
moods; emotions
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
moods; emotions
Whenever he is feeling gloomy, Lloyd sings the song “Put on a Happy Face.” According to the facial feedback hypothesis, if he follows the advice of the song, Lloyd is likely to:
A. become more depressed.
B. experience little or no change in his emotions.
C. irritate most people he comes in contact with.
D. experience an elevation in his mood.
D. experience an elevation in his mood.
Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning?
a. Whenever Elizabeth smells British Sterling cologne, she feels a tingle of romantic excitement because it reminds her of her boyfriend, who always wears that cologne.
b. The sound of a neighbor’s drill sends a shudder up Janeen’s spine because it reminds her of the dentist’s office.
c. Jack felt energized after drinking three cups of coffee, even though the coffee was actually decaffeinated.
d. Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge.
d. Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge
Delores could see the sock on the floor behind the clothes dryer. She straightened out a wire clothes hanger, fashioned a hook on the end, and used it to fish the sock out from behind the dryer. Using operant conditioning terminology, straightening out the wire hanger and poking it behind the dryer would be the _____ and the retrieved sock would be the _____, assuming this increased Delores’ use of the clothes wire to retrieve socks in the future.
A. conditioned response; conditioned stimulus
B. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
C. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer
D. operant; reinforcing stimulus
D. operant; reinforcing stimulus
Whenever Jan tries to talk on the telephone, her 5-year-old daughter Isabel repeatedly interrupts her. If Jan wanted to use the strategy of reinforcing the non-occurrence of the problem behavior, she should:
A. politely ask Isabel to please stop interrupting her every time the bad behavior occurs.
B. send Isabel to a corner every time she interrupted Jan while she is on the phone.
C. reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call.
D. tell her friend that she would call her back and immediately attend to whatever it was that Isabel wanted.
C. reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call
In very stressful or embarrassing situations, Sanura is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel comfortable. Sanura’s ability best illustrates the value of
extrinsic motivation.
genetic inheritance.
divergent thinking.
emotional intelligence.
emotional intelligence
When competitive swimmers stayed focused on their practice techniques during swim team practice, they were rewarded by their coach playing popular music over the loudspeakers in the pool area. When they were inattentive or started “goofing off,” the coach played recordings of gloomy, off-key organ music. In this example, the coach is using _____ to help his swimmers stay focused.
biological preparedness
latent learning
classical conditioning
behavior modification
behavior modification
After an individual chimp learned a new food-gathering technique, the rest of its group acquired the new skill within a few days. In turn, the newly acquired skill spread to other chimpanzee groups who could see the new behavior. According to the textbook, this is evidence for:
operant conditioning.
observational learning.
latent learning.
classical conditioning
observational learning
The average intellectual aptitude gap between graduating White and Black college graduates has been observed to ________ during their years in high school and to ________ during their years in college.
decrease; decrease
increase; increase
decrease; increase
increase; decrease
increase; decrease
When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani’s fondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described as a(n):
conditioned response.
unconditioned response.
example of latent learning.
example of higher order conditioning.
conditioned response
Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person’s specific mental abilities as
inductive reasoning.
the g factor.
factor analysis.
factor analysis.
the g factor
Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that
A. the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no validity.
B. intelligence tests are generally good measures of verbal but not of mathematical intelligence.
C. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome.
D. Isaiah excels in divergent thinking.
C. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome
On which of the following tasks are men most likely to outperform women?
speed-reading
interpreting literature
learning a foreign language
mentally rotating three-dimensional objects
mentally rotating three-dimensional objects
To avoid losing any data on his computer, Tom consistently backs up his computer data to a second hard drive. Using operant conditioning terms, Tom’s behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of:
positive reinforcement.
negative reinforcement by escape.
negative reinforcement by avoidance.
punishment.
negative reinforcement by avoidance.