5/6 Flashcards
Ethan is struggling to make enough money to pay his rent and buy food. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Ethan is attempting to meet his:
self-efficacy needs.
psychological needs.
psychological needs.
basic needs.
basic needs
Ethan and Holly were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Holly felt strongly that although things would probably be chaotic at first, people would very naturally strive to help each other in constructive ways. Holly’s views are most similar to those of:
Sigmund Freud.
Carl Rogers.
Alfred Adler.
Carl Jung.
Carl Rogers
Unconscious repentance is to the ego defense mechanism of _____ as going to the opposite extreme is to the ego defense mechanism of _____.
displacement; sublimation
rationalization; repression
undoing; reaction formation
denial; projection
undoing; reaction formation
Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur’s office because he felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark’s behavior toward the other student?
displacement
sublimation
denial
rationalization
displacement
Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke’s parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers’s terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.
conditional positive regard
reciprocal determinism
unconditional positive regard
incongruence
unconditional positive regard
You take a seat on a crowded bus, and overhear the woman behind you having a spirited conversation on her cell phone in a foreign language. Although you can’t see her face or understand a word she’s saying, you can:
A. predict the cultural display rules that will influence her facial expressions.
B. determine whether the conversation is with a relative or a nonrelative.
C. accurately determine the emotions that she’s expressing.
D. guess the emotions she is expressing, but not with much accuracy.
C. accurately determine the emotions that she’s expressing
While talking to another coworker, Doug makes many hateful comments about Brian behind his back. Later that morning when he sees Brian, Doug acts very friendly to Brian and offers to buy him lunch. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Doug’s behavior?
sublimation
undoing
repression
projection
undoing
When she arrived as a freshman at State College, Mackenzie wanted to take advantage of the cafeteria meals that were included in the cost of her room and board. But between the eat-as-much-as-you-want cafeteria meals, the hours spent studying each day, and mostly sitting for her job at the library reception desk, Mackenzie had gained 12 pounds by Thanksgiving break. Mackenzie was experiencing:
positive energy balance.
leptin resistance.
negative energy balance.
energy homeostasis.
positive energy balance
The need to feel that your activities are self-chosen and self-endorsed defines _____, which is a fundamental motive in _____.
A. autonomy; the hierarchy of needs
B. autonomy; self-determination theory
C. self-efficacy; achievement motivation
D. competence; achievement motivation
B. autonomy; self-determination theory
About 10 or 15 minutes after Jim starts his daily five-mile jog, he usually begins to perspire heavily. His body’s tendency to maintain a steady temperature through the cooling action of sweating is a function of:
homeostasis.
self-determination.
incentive motivation.
autonomy.
homeostasis
Which of the following is an example of an emblem?
A. nodding your head to mean “yes”
B. looking away and smiling sheepishly when you’re embarrassed
C. wearing white to a funeral in Atlanta
D. running when frightened
A. nodding your head to mean “yes”
Drew is in his early forties. If he is typical of people his age, his basal metabolic rate (BMR) has _____ compared with when he was in his early twenties.
increased sharply
decreased gradually
increased gradually
decreased sharply
decreased gradually
In response to fasting, undereating, or dieting, fat cells shrink and weight loss occurs. Which of the following internal changes occurs to promote eating behavior, weight gain, and restore a person’s typical body weight?
A. increased cholecystokinin (CCK) activity in the brain
B. increased basal metabolic rate (BMR)
C. increased blood levels of leptin and insulin
D. increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) activity in the brain
D. increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) activity in the brain
The inferiority complex is to _____ as basic anxiety is to _____.
Adler; Horney
Jung; Adler
Horney; Jung
Adler; Jung
Adler; Horney
Which of the following is NOT one of the levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A. the need for safety, food, and shelter
B. the need to belong and have intimate love and friendship relationships
C. the need to become rich, famous, and powerful
D. the need to become self-actualized
C. the need to become rich, famous, and powerful
Which of the following statements about ego defense mechanisms is FALSE?
A. According to Freud, using ego defense mechanisms requires psychological energy.
B. Psychologically healthy people often use ego defense mechanisms to temporarily deal with stressful events.
C. Ego defense mechanisms can be a way of psychologically buying time while seeking a realistic solution to a problem.
D. Using ego defense mechanisms increases feelings of anxiety.
D. Using ego defense mechanisms increases feelings of anxiety
A researcher classically conditioned a dog to salivate every 60 minutes by presenting the dog with food at 60-minute intervals throughout the day. Following this procedure, what is the researcher likely to observe?
A. Because no other signals were used, the dog will fail to develop a conditioned response.
B. It is very likely that the dog will salivate every time it sees the researcher.
C. The dog’s desire to eat will diminish, a phenomenon termed “sensory-specific satiety.”
D. The 60-minute interval will become a conditioned stimulus, triggering the conditioned response of salivation.
D. The 60-minute interval will become a conditioned stimulus, triggering the conditioned response of salivation
Eight-year-old Alex plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Alex’s behavior suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
phallic
genital
latency
oral
latency
In contrast to Freud, Carl Jung believed that:
A. there were eight stages of psychosexual development.
B. people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority.
C. men often suffer from womb envy.
D. personality continues to develop in significant ways throughout the lifespan.
D. personality continues to develop in significant ways throughout the lifespan
Which of the following is the BEST example of how achievement motivation might be expressed in a collectivistic culture?
A. You practice guitar every day because you want to become a rock star.
B. You strive to become your company’s top salesperson because you want to make a lot of money.
C. You study hard to gain admission to a top university because you want to enhance your family’s social standing.
D. You practice tennis every day so that you can make your school’s varsity team.
C. You study hard to gain admission to a top university because you want to enhance your family’s social standing
As a child, Dan loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older, he realized that he couldn’t continue that kind of behavior unless he found some way for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable. Upon realizing this, Dan decides to pursue a career as a circus clown. According to Freud, Dan’s _____, which operates on the _____ principle, is responsible for finding a socially acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.
id; pleasure
ego; reality
superego; morality
defense mechanism; denial
ego; reality
Shortly after he finished a strenuous aerobic workout, Gary went on a date with Tricia. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Gary’s perception of Tricia’s attractiveness:
A. may be influenced by his physiological arousal.
B. is not likely to be influenced by his physiological arousal.
C. will depend entirely on her level of physiological arousal.
D. will depend on the attractiveness of the other women he sees while on the date.
A. may be influenced by his physiological arousal
When his boss yelled at him and called him lazy and incompetent just because he was five minutes late for work, Joshua simultaneously felt embarrassment, guilt, anger, shame, and anxiety. Joshua experienced:
A. anthropomorphism.
B. basic emotions only.
C. a blend of emotions.
D. activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C. a blend of emotions
As you’re stretched out on the couch watching a late-night rerun of your favorite TV show, commercial after commercial comes on showing mouthwatering images of burgers, tacos, pizza, ice cream, and so on. These commercials are designed to heighten your anticipation of the pleasures of eating these foods, which is termed:
sensory-specific satiety.
positive incentive value.
the classically conditioned eating response.
positive energy balance.
positive incentive value
Haley savored the wonderful smell and taste of the first Godiva chocolate that Connor offered her. And, the second Godiva chocolate was almost as good. But, when Connor offered her a third Godiva chocolate, Haley’s desire to eat more of the chocolate had diminished and she declined the offer. Which of the following concepts best explains Haley’s reduced desire to continue eating the chocolate?
A. the cafeteria diet effect
B. positive incentive value
C. set-point theory
D. sensory-specific satiety
D. sensory-specific satiety
Freud believed that the Oedipus complex produces _____ in little boys and _____ in little girls.
penis envy; womb envy
castration anxiety; womb envy
womb envy; penis envy
castration anxiety; penis envy
castration anxiety; penis envy
When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of _____ theories of motivation.
drive
arousal
instinct
incentive
drive
According to the evolutionary perspective, what is the adaptive value of the cafeteria diet effect?
A. A species that feeds almost entirely on one type of food can adapt to a wider range of environments, increasing the likelihood of survival.
B. Species developing a preference for a nearby food source will roam less, thus reducing exposure to predators.
C. Survival is promoted by being able to locate food at any time of day or night.
D. Consuming a variety of foods promotes survival by ensuring that essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals are obtained.
D. Consuming a variety of foods promotes survival by ensuring that essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals are obtained.
Eric was once seriously injured in a hang-gliding accident, yet he continues to engage in this dangerous activity. Freud would probably explain Eric’s dangerous hobby as a reflection of:
Thanatos.
Eros.
the reality principle.
the superego.
Thanatos
It is an innate characteristic of Canada geese to fly south in the winter. This behavior is an example of:
intrinsic motivation.
incentive motivation.
an instinct.
a drive.
an instinct.
Twenty-five-year-old Heather was overweight. After going on a diet, she successfully lost 15 pounds. If Heather is typical of most people who lose weight, she will:
A. maintain her new weight until she reaches her late thirties or early forties.
B. probably lose an additional 5 to 8 pounds over the next year.
C. regain the weight she lost in a matter of weeks or months.
D. have a BMI of 20 or less and maintain that level indefinitely.
C. regain the weight she lost in a matter of weeks or months
After his third helping of apple pie and ice cream, Nathan feels quite full. His satiation is due, at least in part, to increased levels of the:
hormone epinephrine.
hormone ghrelin.
hormone cholecystokinin (CCK).
neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY).
hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)
Womb envy is to _____ as penis envy is to _____.
Horney; Adler
Horney; Freud
Jung; Adler
Jung; Freud
Horney; Freud
“Punctual behavior” is to “conscientious attitude” as _____ is to _____.
introversion; extraversion
surface trait; source trait
anima; animus
personality type; personality trait
surface trait; source trait
Ricardo has been feeling gloomy and generally discontented ever since the semester ended two weeks ago. When he received his transcript in the mail and discovered that the lowest grade he got was a B+, he felt elated and overjoyed. Ricardo’s two states (pervasive gloominess and sudden intense joy) illustrate the difference between _____ and _____.
motivation; emotion
psychological states; physiological states
moods; emotions
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
moods; emotions
Whenever he is feeling gloomy, Lloyd sings the song “Put on a Happy Face.” According to the facial feedback hypothesis, if he follows the advice of the song, Lloyd is likely to:
A. become more depressed.
B. experience little or no change in his emotions.
C. irritate most people he comes in contact with.
D. experience an elevation in his mood.
D. experience an elevation in his mood.
Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning?
a. Whenever Elizabeth smells British Sterling cologne, she feels a tingle of romantic excitement because it reminds her of her boyfriend, who always wears that cologne.
b. The sound of a neighbor’s drill sends a shudder up Janeen’s spine because it reminds her of the dentist’s office.
c. Jack felt energized after drinking three cups of coffee, even though the coffee was actually decaffeinated.
d. Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge.
d. Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge
Delores could see the sock on the floor behind the clothes dryer. She straightened out a wire clothes hanger, fashioned a hook on the end, and used it to fish the sock out from behind the dryer. Using operant conditioning terminology, straightening out the wire hanger and poking it behind the dryer would be the _____ and the retrieved sock would be the _____, assuming this increased Delores’ use of the clothes wire to retrieve socks in the future.
A. conditioned response; conditioned stimulus
B. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
C. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer
D. operant; reinforcing stimulus
D. operant; reinforcing stimulus
Whenever Jan tries to talk on the telephone, her 5-year-old daughter Isabel repeatedly interrupts her. If Jan wanted to use the strategy of reinforcing the non-occurrence of the problem behavior, she should:
A. politely ask Isabel to please stop interrupting her every time the bad behavior occurs.
B. send Isabel to a corner every time she interrupted Jan while she is on the phone.
C. reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call.
D. tell her friend that she would call her back and immediately attend to whatever it was that Isabel wanted.
C. reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call
In very stressful or embarrassing situations, Sanura is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel comfortable. Sanura’s ability best illustrates the value of
extrinsic motivation.
genetic inheritance.
divergent thinking.
emotional intelligence.
emotional intelligence
When competitive swimmers stayed focused on their practice techniques during swim team practice, they were rewarded by their coach playing popular music over the loudspeakers in the pool area. When they were inattentive or started “goofing off,” the coach played recordings of gloomy, off-key organ music. In this example, the coach is using _____ to help his swimmers stay focused.
biological preparedness
latent learning
classical conditioning
behavior modification
behavior modification
After an individual chimp learned a new food-gathering technique, the rest of its group acquired the new skill within a few days. In turn, the newly acquired skill spread to other chimpanzee groups who could see the new behavior. According to the textbook, this is evidence for:
operant conditioning.
observational learning.
latent learning.
classical conditioning
observational learning
The average intellectual aptitude gap between graduating White and Black college graduates has been observed to ________ during their years in high school and to ________ during their years in college.
decrease; decrease
increase; increase
decrease; increase
increase; decrease
increase; decrease
When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani’s fondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described as a(n):
conditioned response.
unconditioned response.
example of latent learning.
example of higher order conditioning.
conditioned response
Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person’s specific mental abilities as
inductive reasoning.
the g factor.
factor analysis.
factor analysis.
the g factor
Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that
A. the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no validity.
B. intelligence tests are generally good measures of verbal but not of mathematical intelligence.
C. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome.
D. Isaiah excels in divergent thinking.
C. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome
On which of the following tasks are men most likely to outperform women?
speed-reading
interpreting literature
learning a foreign language
mentally rotating three-dimensional objects
mentally rotating three-dimensional objects
To avoid losing any data on his computer, Tom consistently backs up his computer data to a second hard drive. Using operant conditioning terms, Tom’s behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of:
positive reinforcement.
negative reinforcement by escape.
negative reinforcement by avoidance.
punishment.
negative reinforcement by avoidance.
Caleb had a wonderful time on his first date with Shauna. Because of this, he asked Shauna to go out on a second date. What best explains Caleb’s behavior of asking Shauna for another date?
latent learning
response generalization
spontaneous recovery
the law of effect
the law of effect
Martina is an animal trainer at Sea World. To teach a new dolphin to jump through a hoop high above the water, Martina first reinforces the dolphin for approaching the hoop while it is under the water. Then, she reinforces the dolphin for swimming through the hoop under water. Gradually raising the hoop, Martina progressively reinforces each small step toward the goal behavior. Martina is using the process of _____ to train the dolphin.
punishment by application
partial reinforcement
shaping
observational learning
shaping
A 6-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 8-year-old was said to have an IQ of
- 133.
133
After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, five-year-old Laura is able to reach the Scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter. What is the operant in this example?
A. the Scotch tape dispenser
B. the image of the step stool in the child’s mind
C. carrying the step stool to the kitchen
D. the age of the child
C. carrying the step stool to the kitchen
The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:
A. children can be classically conditioned to fear even a favorite toy.
B. children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.
C. girls are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors than boys.
D. children quickly form cognitive maps of playrooms and playgrounds.
B. children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded
Research participants have been exposed to an incomplete stimulus followed by a masking image in order to assess
convergent thinking.
numerical ability.
perceptual speed.
inherited tendencies.
perceptual speed
Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude. According to Spearman, this best illustrates the importance of
intrinsic motivation.
creativity.
the g factor.
grit.
the g factor
In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion will cause your eyes to automatically water or produce tears. Using Pavlov’s terminology, the tears would be termed a(n):
unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
unconditioned response (UCR).
conditioned stimulus (CS).
conditioned response (CR).
unconditioned response (UCR)
Students are most likely to develop a “growth mindset” that results in a focus on learning when they believe that intelligence is
changeable.
polygenetic.
an indication of one’s mental age.
distributed in a bell-shaped pattern.
changeable
Phobias of heights, storms, snakes, and spiders are much more common than phobias of cars, stairs, stoves, or sharp objects. According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the reason is that:
A. we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival.
B. it is superstitious behavior due to accidental reinforcement.
C. we have become conditioned through films and television shows to fear certain stimuli, even though we have never been personally threatened by those stimuli.
D. instinctive drift is occurring.
A. we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival.
Professor Lake is a strong advocate of the behavioral perspective. He would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?
A. Human behavior is shaped by experience and environmental events.
B. Human behavior can best be explained by genetics and heredity.
C. Most human behavior is the result of unconscious psychological conflicts.
D. The understanding of mental processes is the key to understanding human behavior.
A. Human behavior is shaped by experience and environmental events
Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____.
A. reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors
B. responses emitted by organisms; responses elicited by unconditioned stimuli
C. responses acquired through observational learning; responses acquired through imitation
D. voluntary behaviors; reflexive behaviors
A. reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors
The fifth time that Tyler was late for school he was given a detention. However, the following day he was late for school again. In this situation it is likely that:
A. Tyler has been negatively reinforced for being late for school.
B. detention is an effective form of punishment and Tyler’s behavior will eventually change.
C. punishment has not occurred, because the operant response of being late for school was not suppressed.
D. Tyler has not formed a cognitive map of the shortest route to school and consequently takes the long way and is frequently late.
C. punishment has not occurred, because the operant response of being late for school was not suppressed.
On which of the following tasks are 55-year-old adults most likely to perform just as effectively as they could 30 years earlier?
A. writing a story
B. solving an abstract geometry problem
C. recalling the names of recently introduced strangers
D. repeating numbers in the opposite order they were presented
A. writing a story
Jake is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink of alcohol in over 6 months. One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties in which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol. Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use by using which strategy?
reinforcement delay
negative reinforcement
motivational commitment
stimulus control
stimulus control
The sort of problem solving that demonstrates “school smarts” is what researchers have historically assessed in their tests of
A. divergent thinking.
B. intelligence.
C. intrinsic motivation.
D. heritability.
B. intelligence.
The factors associated with creativity include
A. impulsivity and empathy.
B. expertise and a venturesome personality.
C. a competitive drive and need for control.
D. reliability and validity.
B. expertise and a venturesome personality.
Helen always drives down Sheridan Avenue to go to the college campus. One morning Helen discovers that Sheridan Avenue is closed at 23rd Street because of flooding. Helen immediately takes a different route to the campus. How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen’s behavior?
A. She is classically conditioned to fear water.
B. She has formed a cognitive map of the area.
C. Helen was observing the actions of others in the situation.
D. The standing water was a reliable predictor of danger.
B. She has formed a cognitive map of the area
Over the years at Cosmos Widget Factory, Mr. Cosmos has noticed that each employee tends to be most productive in the weeks just before his or her biannual performance review. Had Mr. Cosmos read Chapter 5 on “Learning,” he would know that his employees’ behavior was:
A. the result of being conditioned on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
B. an example of learned helplessness.
C. an example of stimulus control.
D. the result of being conditioned on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
A. the result of being conditioned on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
Unbeknownst to the rest of the world, Roger was wearing green underwear when he aced his calculus test at the beginning of the semester. Ever since, Roger always wears green underwear on test days in his college classes. In operant conditioning terms, Roger’s superstitious behavior is the result of:
A. accidental reinforcement.
B. a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
C. shaping.
D. behavior modification.
A. accidental reinforcement
Twin and adoption studies are helpful for assessing the ________ of intelligence.
stability
reliability
heritability
variability
heritability
Which of the following terms refers to a person’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly?
crystallized intelligence
convergent thinking
factor analysis
fluid intelligence
fluid intelligence
An employee wears jeans to work and is reprimanded by his supervisor for dressing inappropriately. From then on, the employee wears a suit and tie to work. This is an example of:
negative reinforcement.
higher order conditioning.
positive punishment.
negative punishment.
positive punishment
Clint used the vending machine near his dorm quite frequently, but the last few times he tried to get a drink the vending machine malfunctioned and he lost his money. Now he no longer uses this vending machine. Which of the following has occurred in this situation?
A. instinctive drift due to a biological predisposition
B. a decrease in an operant response due to negative reinforcement
C. generalization of an operant response
D. extinction of an operant behavior
D. extinction of an operant behavior
A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
fixed-interval
Steven Spielberg’s classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark’s appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, the sound of the eerie music was a(n):
unconditioned response (UCR).
conditioned response (CR).
conditioned stimulus (CS).
unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
conditioned stimulus (CS)
“I’ll make you a deal,” Cody’s mother says. “If you clean up your room, then you can have a glazed donut.” Using operant conditioning terms, Cody’s mother is using _____ to reward desired behavior.
punishment by avoidance
a conditioned reinforcer
a primary reinforcer
negative reinforcement
a primary reinforcer
Students verbal scores on the SAT correlate ________ with their subsequent verbal scores on the GRE. Students math scores on the SAT correlate ________ with their subsequent math scores on the GRE.
only modestly; very strongly
very strongly; only modestly
only modestly; only modestly
very strongly; very strongly
very strongly; very strongly
Molly has just taken a test of her capacity to learn to be a computer programmer. This is an example of a(n) ________ test.
fluid intelligence
achievement
interest
aptitude
aptitude
Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by
emotional intelligence.
a venturesome personality.
the g factor.
extrinsic motivation.
extrinsic motivation
Which of the following observations provides the BEST evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by environment?
A. Identical twins reared apart are less similar in their intelligence scores than identical twins reared together.
B. The intelligence scores of children are positively correlated with those of their parents.
C. Identical twins are more similar in their intelligence scores than are fraternal twins.
D. The intelligence scores of siblings reared together are positively correlated.
A. Identical twins reared apart are less similar in their intelligence scores than identical twins reared together.
In your philosophy class, you have found that your professor never calls on you when you raise your hand. As a result you no longer raise your hand to ask or answer questions. In learning theory, no longer raising your hand would be the result of:
partial reinforcement.
stimulus discrimination
extinction
negative reinforcement
extinction
Assessing the stability of repeated intelligence test results gathered over the adult years of a single cohort would most clearly involve
genetic estimates.
a longitudinal study.
factor analysis.
a cross-sectional study.
a longitudinal study
In response to a cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. Using Pavlov’s terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):
unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
unconditioned response (UCR).
conditioned stimulus (CS).
conditioned response (CR).
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Animal trainers Keller and Marian Breland tried to train a raccoon to pick up two coins and deposit them in a metal box. However, instead of dropping the coins in the box, the raccoon would rub the coins together, much as raccoons do with their food in the wild. This tendency of the raccoon to revert to its natural behavior patterns is termed:
extinction.
latent learning.
instinctive drift.
learned helplessness.
instinctive drift
There are many genes, each of which accounts for much less than 1 percent of intelligence variations. This suggests that intelligence is
a. not heritable.
b. stable across the life span.
c. characterized by divergent thinking.
d. a polygenetic trait.
d. a polygenetic trait
After Fernanda buys stock in a “hot” new start-up company, the company fails and she loses all of her money. Fernanda no longer invests in start-up companies. This is an example of:
negative reinforcement.
higher order conditioning.
positive punishment.
negative punishment.
negative punishment
Katie loves strong coffee and cheerfully admits that she depends on caffeine to help her wake up every day. One morning, her husband served her two cups of decaffeinated coffee without telling her. Nevertheless, she still felt more alert after drinking the decaffeinated coffee. Katie’s alertness after drinking decaffeinated coffee is a(n):
a. example of higher order conditioning.
b. example of latent learning.
c. operantly conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee, and other discriminative stimuli.
d. classically conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee, and other stimuli associated with it.
d. classically conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee, and other stimuli associated with it.
At the beginning of the semester, the humanities instructor explains that there will be ten surprise quizzes over the semester, so students are strongly encouraged to keep up with their reading and attend every class. The humanities instructor is using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage studying and class attendance.
variable-ratio
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-interval
John B. Watson would agree with which of the following statements?
a. “Psychology should focus on the study of mental processes.”
b. “The scientific study of the mind is best accomplished through the use of introspective reports.”
c. “The purpose of psychology is to explain conscious thought and perceptions.”
d. “The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior.”
d. “The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior.”
Whenever she sees a bolt of lightning streak across the sky, Maria quickly unplugs her computer equipment to keep it from being damaged by an electrical surge. Using operant conditioning terms, Maria’s behavior is being maintained by:
a. punishment.
b. negative reinforcement by escape.
c. negative reinforcement by avoidance.
d. positive reinforcement.
c. negative reinforcement by avoidance.
The WAIS was designed for testing ________ intelligence, whereas the WISC was designed for testing ________ intelligence.
practical; creative
analytical; emotional
adults’; children’s
Europeans’; North Americans’
adults’; children’s
If you shine a bright light directly into a person’s eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov’s terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.
CS; UCS
CR; UCR
UCS; UCR
CS; CR
UCS; UCR
One of the 15 subtests included in the latest edition of the ________ involves remembering and correctly sequencing series of numbers and letters.
SAT.
GRE.
WAIS.
Stanford-Binet.
WAIS
Fred’s dog was classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Fred then repeatedly paired the bell with another stimulus, a whistle. Now whenever he blows the whistle, his dog salivates, even though the whistle has never been paired with food. This example illustrates:
higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).
spontaneous recovery.
a placebo response.
biological preparedness.
higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).
Initially, an infant has no response to a nurse’s white uniform. But after a couple of painful experiences of getting a vaccination shot from a nurse in a white uniform, the infant will react with fear in response to a nurse in a white uniform who simply walks into the examining room. In this example, the sight of a nurse in a white uniform has become a(n) _____ to the infant.
unconditioned response (UCR)
conditioned response (CR)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Christina is making some extra money as a phone solicitor for her university’s fund-raising drive. She is paid $5 for every twenty calls she makes, regardless of whether the person donates. Christina is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
variable-interval
fixed-ratio
According to Bandura’s model of observational learning, which of the following characteristics of television depictions of violent behavior makes the violent behavior more likely to be imitated?
A. Violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual.
b. The aggressive person is punished for his or her violent behavior.
c. The violent programs show the long-term negative consequences of violence, such as the months of painful rehabilitation following a gunshot wound.
d. The victim of the aggressive behavior is the main character of the program.
A. Violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual.
Sorina has a mental age of 10 and an IQ of 125 as measured by the Stanford-Binet. Sorina’s chronological age is
6.
8.
9.
10.
8
Students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at
creative problem solving.
nonverbal memory.
convergent thinking.
factor analysis
creative problem solving
Howard’s cat meows incessantly, and Howard frequently, but not always, gives in and feeds her. Howard decides to stop reinforcing this problem behavior, so he ignores his cat whenever the cat starts meowing. When Howard initiates this extinction procedure, what is likely to happen?
A. The cat’s meowing will quickly stop altogether.
B. The cat’s meowing will temporarily decrease, but then it will increase.
C. The cat’s meowing will temporarily increase, but then it will decrease.
D. The cat will leave and find a new home.
C. The cat’s meowing will temporarily increase, but then it will decrease.
When Micah was 2 years old, he was frightened by his Aunt Mabel’s little dog, which had nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogs but not of large dogs. This best illustrates which of the following?
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
higher order conditioning
stimulus discrimination
Who is most likely to be criticized for extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of talents?
Howard Gardner
L. L. Thurstone
Charles Spearman
Kim Peek
Howard Gardner
Research suggests that during early and middle adulthood
A. crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases.
B. crystallized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence increases.
C. crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence increases.
D. crystallized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence decreases.
A. crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases
Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and completed their arithmetic worksheets on time. Using operant conditioning terms, Miss Cantrell is using a _____ to reward desired behavior.
primary reinforcer
negative reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer
punishment by removal
conditioned reinforcer
Intelligence tests were initially designed by Binet and Simon to assess
academic aptitude
divergent thinking.
creativity.
inductive reasoning.
academic aptitude
You make a comment in your workgroup meetings, and a coworker responds with a sarcastic remark. You no longer speak during your workgroup meetings. This is an example of:
negative reinforcement.
higher order conditioning.
positive punishment.
negative punishment.
positive punishment
Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the ethics of Watson and Rayner’s “Little Albert” study?
a. Watson and Rayner filmed the infant’s behavior without permission.
b. Watson and Rayner intentionally induced a lasting fear in an infant, and they did not attempt to extinguish it when the experiment was over.
c. It is unethical to use infants and animals in the same research study.
d. Treatment of the rats, rabbits, and other animals used in the study did not conform to APA regulations.
b. Watson and Rayner intentionally induced a lasting fear in an infant, and they did not attempt to extinguish it when the experiment was over.
Which of the following advertising techniques is based on classical conditioning principles?
A. including a $1.00 mail-in rebate in the ad for Brand X
B. a salesperson explaining why Brand X is superior
C. a sexy model using Brand X
D. a picture of a shelf filled with Brand X products
C. a sexy model using Brand X
The efficient communication between brain regions necessary for intelligence requires ample brain tissue known as
motor cortex.
the g factor.
sensory neurons.
white matter.
white matter
After she realized that the mosquito had bitten her and her hand was starting to itch, Akai rubbed some cortisone cream on the swollen spot, and the itching stopped. The next time a mosquito bit her, she applied cortisone cream immediately to relieve the itching. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:
A. negative reinforcement by escape.
B. positive reinforcement.
C. negative reinforcement by avoidance.
D. negative punishment.
A. negative reinforcement by escape.
Encouraging those of high intellectual ability to mate with one another was of most interest to
Alfred Binet.
Théodore Simon.
David Wechsler.
Francis Galton.
Francis Galton
Dr. Zimmer has designed a test to measure golfers’ knowledge of their sport’s history. To interpret scores on it, he is presently administering the test to a representative sample of all golfers. Dr. Zimmer is clearly in the process of
A. establishing the test’s validity.
B. conducting a factor analysis of the test.
C. conducting a factor analysis of the test.
D. establishing the test’s reliability.
C. conducting a factor analysis of the test.
A college administrator is trying to assess whether an admissions test accurately predicts how well applicants will perform at his school. The administrator is most obviously concerned that the test is
standardized.
valid.
factor-analyzed.
normally distributed.
valid
f Robert Rescorla were having a conversation with John B. Watson, what would Rescorla tell Watson?
A. “John, it is the timing of the stimuli that determines if classical conditioning will occur.”
B. “Animals cannot process information but people can, and that explains the differences between animals and people in classical conditioning.”
C. “John, there is no need to assess the information that the conditioned stimulus provides since classical conditioning only occurs with reflexive behaviors.”
D. “Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value.”
D. “Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value.”
If both depressed and nondepressed individuals receive similar scores on a diagnostic test for depression, it suggests that the test
has not been standardized.
is not valid.
is not reliable.
has not been factor-analyzed.
is not valid
Andrew works for NASA and gets paid once a month, whereas his friend George works at a fast-food restaurant and gets paid once a week. Despite the difference in when they are paid, both are paid on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-ratio
variable-interval
fixed-interval
The relatively narrow range of intelligence among the college seniors who take the Graduate Record Exam serves to ________ the ________ of the Graduate Record Exam.
increase; reliability
decrease; predictive validity
increase; the normal distribution
decrease; the standardization sample
decrease; predictive validity
Researchers found that people easily acquire a conditioned fear response of pictures of snakes and spiders when the slides were paired with a mild electric shock. However, people did NOT easily acquire a conditioned fear response of pictures of flowers and mushrooms when these images were paired with a mild electric shock. Which perspective provides the best explanation of this finding?
the cognitive perspective
the behaviorist perspective
the Pavlovian perspective
the evolutionary perspective
the evolutionary perspective
Assessing current competence is to ________ tests as predicting future performance is to ________ tests.
intelligence; standardized
aptitude; achievement
standardized; intelligence
achievement; aptitude
achievement; aptitude
Males’ reading ability scores vary ________ than females’ scores and males’ math test performance scores vary ________ than females’ scores.
less; more
more; less
less; less
more; more
more; more
Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, creative, and ________ intelligence.
spatial
musical
practical
interpersonal
practical
Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact.
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
frontal
Standing at the curb, you wait for the “Don’t Walk” crossing signal to change to “Walk.” Using operant conditioning terms, the “Don’t Walk”/”Walk” crossing signal is a(n) _____ in this situation.
positive reinforcer
discriminative stimulus
operant
primary reinforcer
discriminative stimulus
