5 Flashcards
Wat is capturing value (the purpose of innovation
The purpose of innovating is commercial success, market share, cost reduction or – as in social innovation – changing the world
Wat heeft invloed op de ability van een bedrijf to capture value depend on
The appropriability regime: how well a firm can protect its innovations and maintain a competitive advantage
strength of IPR, ease of imitation, nature of knowledge
Complementary assets: additional resources and capabilities that enhance the value of a firm’s primary products or services : brand, position, distribution, support, services
The dominant design
Waaruit bestaat exploiting knowledge
Generating and acquiring new knowledge
Identifying and codifying existing knowledge
Storing and retrieving knowledge
Sharing and distributing knowledge across the organization
Converting knowledge into innovation
Wat is Generating and acquiring new knowledge
Learning from experience – Least effective
Learning from experimentation – R&D, market research, organizational alliances, networks
Learning from acquisition – Scanning internal and external environments, opportunity recognition
Waaruit bestaat Learning from experimentation (data information en knowledge)
Data: A set of discrete raw observations, numbers, words, records and so on
Information: Data that has been organized, grouped or categorized into some pattern
Knowledge: Information that has been contextualized, given meaning and therefore made relevant and easier to operationalize
Welke verschillende type knowledge zijn er
Explicit knowledge It can be codified, it is expressed in numerical, textual or graphical terms, and therefore is more easily communicated (e.g., the design of a product)
Tacit or implicit knowledge Knowledge, skills, and abilities an individual gains through experience that is often difficult to put into words or otherwise communicate (e.g, how to ride a bicycle)
Wat is het SECI model
Socialization: tacit to tacit knowledge, in which the knowledge of an individual or group is shared with others (public meetings)
Externalization: tacit to explicit knowledge, through which the knowledge is put on paper (daily or weekly reports)
Combination: explicit to explicit knowledge, where different sources of explicit knowledge are pooled to come to new insights (software applications, digitalized textbooks)
Internalization: explicit to tacit knowledge, whereby other individuals or groups learn through practice (watching a video presentation)
Waaruit bestaat Storing and retrieving knowledge
The biggest hurdle is the codification of tacit knowledge
First approach is based on investments in IT, usually based on groupware and intranet technologies
Second approach is more people and process based and attempts to encourage staff identify, store, share and use information throughout the organization
Waaruit bestaat Sharing and Distributing Knowledge
Converting data and information to knowledge– for example, identifying patterns and associations in databases
Converting text to knowledge– through synthesis, comparison, and analysis
Converting individual to group knowledge– sharing knowledge requires a supportive culture, appropriate incentives and technologies
Connecting people to knowledge– for example, through seminars, workshops
Connecting knowledge to people– pushing relevant information and knowledge through intranets, agent systems
Connecting people to people– creating directories and networks
Connecting knowledge to knowledge– identifying and encouraging the interaction of different knowledge domains
Wat is intulectual property en welke vormen zijn er
IP: A category ofpropertythat includes intangible creations of the human intellect
Copyrights,patents,trademarks, andtrade secrets
Wat zijn patents
A form ofIP that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling aninventionfor a limited period of years in exchange for publishing anenabling public disclosureof the invention
Wat zijn patent indicators
Number of patents Level of technology activity
Cites per patent Impact of a company’s patents
Current impact index (CII) Number of times the company’s previous 5 years of patents, in a technology area, were cited from the current year, divided by the average citations received
Technology strength (TS) Strength of the patent portfolio and is the number of patents multiplied by the current impact index
Technology cycle time (TCT) Median age, in years, of the patent references cited on the front page of the patent
Science linkage (SL) Average number of science papers referenced on the front page of the patent
Science strength (SS) Number of patents multiplied by SL
Wat is copyright
It protects published and unpublished original works, including works in literature, music, art, architecture and software
Wat is trademark
A recognizable phrase, word, or symbol that denotes a product and legally differentiates it from all other products of its kind
Wat is een trade secret
Trade secrecy is a legal regime that protects relationships of trust
A secret unknown to competitors that provides a competitive advantage to a business and that is kept secret
