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CogSci1001 > 5-10 > Flashcards

5-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Top Down / Bottom Up

A

Top:start by identifying the way the system solves problems, and reps it uses

bottom: start at nueral(implementation level and work your way up)

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2
Q

Reward Learning

A

understanding, prediction and responding to positive negative outcomes…. in humans DA and other NT’s. but think abou it can fail.

in AI reward learning is critical reinforcement learing. Reward signals agents to update policy

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3
Q

Reverse Engineerin nuerons

A

Donkey Kong MOS6502. We don’t lack in data, but we lack in interpreting the data.

We Lack a theory. An exapanded set of tools and analyses need to be developeed

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4
Q

Mind- Brain theory

A

The mind is what the briain does.

knowledge chucnk moves in working memory and directs procedual knowledge

Knowledge correction is the path to being less wrong

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5
Q

an ascpect of cognition is symbol manipulation

A

symbols represet the world “out there” by moving our body according to them we interact with the world…. To precieve somethign means we have a reprsentation inside our mind

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6
Q

Mental Reps are like deskop icons

A

symbols are not reality. They stand for reality…. they allow us to react with reality.

a functionalist approach to knowledge helps to futher reavel symbols/ideas/concepts isn’t TRUTH…. but instead usefullness.

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7
Q

Semantic network

A

grows and grows.

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8
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

Forgetting curve.

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9
Q

Unification Challenge

A

the need for unifcation – Alan Newell, - data was fragmenting rather than converging.

endless pappers without progress.

you can’t play 20 questions with nature and win.

to arrive at cognition we need theories to integrate data

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10
Q

Dustbowl empiricism

A

science approach that makes empirical obs and collects data rather than establishing theoretical framework.

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11
Q

Parsimony

A

basic to all science. Choose the simples scientific explantion

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12
Q

Lakatosian framework

A

integrate data under unifying explanation

progressive research are centred on the notion of empir knowledge foundation, where new theories and methods lead to novel factual discoveries

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13
Q

Newell and cog architecture

A

depict all the invivisble rooms of the mind.

UTC is a single set of mechansism that account for all of cognition - motor control, perception, memory and problem solving.

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14
Q

UTC must explain

A

how intel orgs respond to enviro

how we exhibit goal-directed behaviour and choose goals rationality

how we use symbols

how we learn from experience

how the mind exits as a single system with no supervisor

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15
Q

2 basic assumptions of utc

A

1the mind is too complex to be understood by one discipline - needs to be interdiscplinary

2the mind has to be understood at many different levels - integrated multilevel explantion

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16
Q

UTC theorys to unify

A

perceptiual symbol sysems - barasalou

working memory - baddeley

memory via affordances - glenberg

long-term working memory - ericsson & kinstch

situated cognition - varela, thompson & roach

global workspace theory - baars

cognitive architecture - sloman

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17
Q

Marrs Tri level

A

computational - what, why
algorithmic - how
instanttition - physical/biological

way to understand levels of abstraction. - computational processes involved in information processing.

newell - implementation, computational, knowledge

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18
Q

2 models of information processing

A

pssh - turing, classical symbolic AI

connectionism/neural nets -

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19
Q

Process models - information processing approach

A

first meta theory in cognitive science - designed to explain cognition - process models depict how model reacts over time.

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20
Q

psychology process models

A

behaviourist - stimulus, black box, response

cognitive - input, mediation process, output

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21
Q

units of cognition

A

instantiating empirical data
-if-then (production)
-knowledge chunk
-module
-buffer (working memory)

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22
Q

Meta-knowledge

A

Represents cognition-

symbols are about themselves - a meta represnetionais about itself.

a sierpinski triangle

MK refers to knowledge about knowledge or cognition.

it represents properties of cognition

awareness or control of the mind - thinking about thinking.

motnitor - extrernal and interal mental state

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23
Q

Cybernetics

A

underlying idea to build mechanical models. Fundamental insight

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24
Q

Architecture / Model

A

arch - Multiple depicts general operations / a single set mechanisms for all processes

model - single depicts phenomena

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25
Q

ACT-R

A

adapative control of thought - rational

John R anderson

it represents cognition as a system of modules

declarative vs procedural.

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26
Q

procedural knowledge (computational) Production rules

A

specified as production rules
- transform infor, and change state of system to complete task

if - then rule….. or condition-action

production rules are outside of consciousness

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27
Q

DPO

A

direct procedure optimation

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28
Q

What makes a good cog model

A
  • external (measurable) behaviour
  • internal states and processes

compared through THEORY of VALIDATION

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29
Q

Alt Cog architectures

A

Classic info processing —psychology
BOXOLOGY (ignore the brain)

Eliminative Connectionsim
- more nureal nets

Mathmatical aproach
-ignore architecture

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30
Q

MMoM

A

Machine theory of the mind.

TOM - relates to processes an agent use to represented the mental states of itself and others.

Machines require MT to make inferences and predicitions about human cog states

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31
Q

ToM for human-machine teaming

A

robots can manipulate humans

social INSCRIPTION EXPERIMENT- pet rock

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32
Q

Chess and GO

A

move 37 - the alien move

deep convolutional nueral nets, reinforcement learning, principled (learning) alogorithms

chess - humans only care about shallow moves

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33
Q

ChatGPT

A

conversational model

arcitecture is a variant of transformer neural network architecture.

34
Q

Transformer

A

works by processing in parallel rather than one step at a time.

it uses self-attention to pay attention to specfici popular words.

layers of transformers repeatedly apply this self attention mech

35
Q

anaphora reasoning

A

cog process used to connect pronouns or ref expressions to antecedents to try to establish coherence and meaning to a text

This torphy doens’t fit into suitcase becasue it is to small

36
Q

Negation and compositionality

A

fundamental concept of linguistics it states the meaning of somethign is determined by the meaning of it’s constituent parts and the way in which they are combined

ex john saw the cat
the cat saw john

37
Q

Intelligence

A

the use of knowledge to select the best action to achieve an orgs goal

38
Q

SOAR architecture

A

designed to model how humans use knowledge to go about searching through problem space.

problem space hypothesis, explains problem solving as a search for soltion within mental “problem space” composed of various states and operators.

DELIBERATE GOAL oriented behaviour

39
Q

Problem Space

A

a set of stats.
In cognitive psychology, a problem space is a framework that contains all the components needed to solve a problem:
Initial state: The starting point of the problem
Operators: The actions that can be taken to change the state of the problem
Test: A way to determine if the current state is a solution

The purpose of a problem space is to generate solutions

40
Q

Intelligence needs to be instaniated

A

knowledge —> chunk
—> procedural
neural—->

MK moves into working memory

41
Q

MC symbols - MetaRepresentatio

A

symbols are about something -
META REPRESENTATION is about itself

a represention that is either self-representing or refers to a cognitive property

meta representing is about self representing

A mR symbol or shape can represent itself. it represents properties of cognition

42
Q

MK

A

I know I don’t know

willam james - our ability to choose one thougth over another is our greatest weapon against stress.

MK 2nd level

43
Q

MetaCognition 2 parts

A

like declartive/procedural but at a different level —

MONITORING = awarenes of exterior enviroment/interialenviroment
(awareness of mental state)

CONTROL = we can control things in the world or in our minds

regulation of cognitive states and processess.

44
Q

CANT externalize controll

A

Understanding our minds helps us direct better. we needed to gain the symbols to understand the conepts and how to interact with reality.

45
Q

John FLAVELL - meta Memory

A

1960/70s - a feeling about memory feeling, or a feeling we know something.

46
Q

Adulting - a thought is a thought not a a realily - a feeling is a feeling not a reality.

A

my feelings can lie to me, you’re feelings are illusions, most feelings are wrong but they feel perfect or right all times

46
Q

Epistemic / Noetic

A

degreee of knwoledge to degree of validation

47
Q

Improving cognition

A

requires self represention properties -

48
Q

MC training examples

A

Attention Training
Emotional Traning
memory training

memory palace
neural evidence of 36,000

through narative

49
Q

MC as system 3

A

formal reasoing is metacognition
- do not base thoughts on emotions
-base our conclusions on reason and evidence
-beware logical fallacies
test our theories, because our thoughts can be wrong
- beleive things to the extent there is evidence to belive them

50
Q

CBT MCT detached mindfulness

A

mc is effecitve at decreasing addicative behaviuors

overcoming our minds’ automatic pleasure seeking

interally - avoid trap of instant grat by being mindful of information taken in

exterinally - we craft physical enviroment that improves efficenty and mental welfare.

51
Q

Odyssueus strategy with the sirens

A

lash yourself to the stern.

52
Q

Self represention

A

sierpinksi square and triangle

represent it’s on attributes

53
Q

chunks = symbols

A

know thyself, see your weakness

54
Q

external/interal goals

A

everything you want External Goals

Is for interal Goals = Happiness

Monitroing 1. Control 2.

55
Q

MK / Object level

A

allows cognition to direct itself.

object level knowledg = all cognntion to the external world

56
Q

Metal Level / Object Level

A

metalevel = cognitive state (focus emtion, reasoning)

object level = pyshical states, represenative to external world

57
Q

CBT

A

helps clients identity understand and modify their own thinking

process of teaching, coaching and reinforing positive behaviours

58
Q

MCT

A

involves the dev of beneficial metacognative beliefs…. more effective than CBT

belive in possibliyt is necessary precurous to action.

mofity thining processes

59
Q

Detached minfulness

A

maintaining realization that thought or emotion are impermannet ….. false perception of permanace

60
Q

mc skills

A

indenity their limitations or knowing you weakness.

easier to raise a whole child than fix a broken adult.

MC is effective at decreasing addicative behaviours, overcoming our brains automatic pleasure seeking.

the human brain is designed and evolved to binge when something is a abundant. Is it the brain, or is it human societies?

you affarid of the truth.

61
Q

Animal Metacognition

A

monkies and MC, they will bet more when they “know they know”

dont’ CHips have TOM. (permack
and Wooddrunk)

chimp gambling System 1

62
Q

The prison of automaticity

A

addiction - neuropsychological disorder. repetive behvaiours alter the brain to increase cravings…

RUNAWAY reward learning
higher brain can’t real in lower brian

people who can’t control their minds are controlle by them

63
Q

feelings of knowing

A

two types - metacogintion feelings

s1 mc - be affect driven, automatic, quick, not requring meta memory

s2 mc - rule base, slow efforful, relying on working memory

64
Q

Meta emotions

A

emotions based on other emotins

or in response to other emotions
a relfection emotional reaction

a primary feeling of sadness can create a secondardy feeling of sadness

automatic emotions are often cauesd by mis perception of emotion as permamance. a perception of permamance over 50ms can cause automatice productions to match and fire

65
Q

ME’s

A

react automatically to other emtions
primary, secondary, teritiary

making the perception of emotion as permamant whihc is wrong. … and that can lead to runaway automaticity… and harmful and destructive bevaiuor

66
Q

MC can retrainst automaticity

A

through MC practices
daily meditation increases executive control which reults in neurophysicologal changes

meditation strengthens dorsal lateral pFC

VIPASSNIA - gets rid of thoughts put there by thoughts of impermamance

67
Q

detached mindfulness

A

the awareness of internal events without reacting to them

precieve it outside your body
light on water, passing, passing, passing

68
Q

match fire

A

procedural knowledge is compuationg specified as prodution rules - newl

transform information and change the state of the system to complete tasks 50m/s

if then - match fire

BG fires off something stable

69
Q

perserving cycle

A

of negative thoughts are characteristic of nearly every pathological disorder - this is the result of automaticity of unconsious cognitive mechanism of looping cycles.

70
Q

Middle path

A

between pain, middle point is pleasure grapsing.

71
Q

mC sensitivity

A

the extent to with one is able to perceive their own mental states…

low and high… high allows you to preceive the impermanace of experence

low resutls in misperceptions

training improves sensitiy allowing one t perceive weaker singals from internal cognative states

think of phi phonemen lower threshold of framerate

72
Q

BG firing

A

false percpetions - match fire 50m/s

correct perception of impermamance - procedural knowldge can’t arrise.

but practicing MC can give you the exit from a cycle and exit the condition of suffering

73
Q

proceduralization

A

where slow and deliberate rule following allows for faster and faster proceduralization from declaritve knowldge

and MC level learning can then direct emotions, attenion and reasoning.

proceduralizztaion is trainging yourself to get better and better and better are something.

slow DK is converted to fast PK

74
Q

3 stages of skill learning

A

1 DK
2. PK is built up
3. PK all th action that you rely on

75
Q

ME are caused by

A

by the illusion of stability
detached mindfulness brakst hat illusion of the stable affect - deactive meta-emtions

deactivating

displacement (instructions create productions, attention productions start to complete), displaced productions become predominant

disruption- lowers the 50m/s threshold, not enought time for productions to fire.

76
Q

Hedonia

A

a sept point determines happines.

aristotle positited that we are supposed to cultivate good character in order for our souls to floursih - a state that transcenes superficial hapiness.

77
Q

3 dimensionsof happiness

A
  1. the pleasant life - meeing basic human needs today
  2. the good life - recognizing your strepthsand virtues, doing things that unlock your full potential
    3 the meaningful life - finding a greated purpose then ourselves.
78
Q

Virtue theory

A

healthy (the good of the body)

eudiamonia (the good of the mind) good spirit. the highest human good in older greek tradition.

for aristotle - even animals could be happy, but eudiamona is permance of a life well lived.

79
Q

Eudaimonia

happiness is a temopary state but Eudaimonia

A

A more intense state of being that comes from finding meaning and purpose in life. It’s about living a virtuous life that’s true to your values, and can involve doing things that feel right. Eudaimonia can include moments of pain or pressure, and can motivate you to pursue worthwhile projects.

CogSci1001 (2 decks)

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