5-10 Flashcards
Top Down / Bottom Up
Top:start by identifying the way the system solves problems, and reps it uses
bottom: start at nueral(implementation level and work your way up)
Reward Learning
understanding, prediction and responding to positive negative outcomes…. in humans DA and other NT’s. but think abou it can fail.
in AI reward learning is critical reinforcement learing. Reward signals agents to update policy
Reverse Engineerin nuerons
Donkey Kong MOS6502. We don’t lack in data, but we lack in interpreting the data.
We Lack a theory. An exapanded set of tools and analyses need to be developeed
Mind- Brain theory
The mind is what the briain does.
knowledge chucnk moves in working memory and directs procedual knowledge
Knowledge correction is the path to being less wrong
an ascpect of cognition is symbol manipulation
symbols represet the world “out there” by moving our body according to them we interact with the world…. To precieve somethign means we have a reprsentation inside our mind
Mental Reps are like deskop icons
symbols are not reality. They stand for reality…. they allow us to react with reality.
a functionalist approach to knowledge helps to futher reavel symbols/ideas/concepts isn’t TRUTH…. but instead usefullness.
Semantic network
grows and grows.
Ebbinghaus
Forgetting curve.
Unification Challenge
the need for unifcation – Alan Newell, - data was fragmenting rather than converging.
endless pappers without progress.
you can’t play 20 questions with nature and win.
to arrive at cognition we need theories to integrate data
Dustbowl empiricism
science approach that makes empirical obs and collects data rather than establishing theoretical framework.
Parsimony
basic to all science. Choose the simples scientific explantion
Lakatosian framework
integrate data under unifying explanation
progressive research are centred on the notion of empir knowledge foundation, where new theories and methods lead to novel factual discoveries
Newell and cog architecture
depict all the invivisble rooms of the mind.
UTC is a single set of mechansism that account for all of cognition - motor control, perception, memory and problem solving.
UTC must explain
how intel orgs respond to enviro
how we exhibit goal-directed behaviour and choose goals rationality
how we use symbols
how we learn from experience
how the mind exits as a single system with no supervisor
2 basic assumptions of utc
1the mind is too complex to be understood by one discipline - needs to be interdiscplinary
2the mind has to be understood at many different levels - integrated multilevel explantion
UTC theorys to unify
perceptiual symbol sysems - barasalou
working memory - baddeley
memory via affordances - glenberg
long-term working memory - ericsson & kinstch
situated cognition - varela, thompson & roach
global workspace theory - baars
cognitive architecture - sloman
Marrs Tri level
computational - what, why
algorithmic - how
instanttition - physical/biological
way to understand levels of abstraction. - computational processes involved in information processing.
newell - implementation, computational, knowledge
2 models of information processing
pssh - turing, classical symbolic AI
connectionism/neural nets -
Process models - information processing approach
first meta theory in cognitive science - designed to explain cognition - process models depict how model reacts over time.
psychology process models
behaviourist - stimulus, black box, response
cognitive - input, mediation process, output
units of cognition
instantiating empirical data
-if-then (production)
-knowledge chunk
-module
-buffer (working memory)
Meta-knowledge
Represents cognition-
symbols are about themselves - a meta represnetionais about itself.
a sierpinski triangle
MK refers to knowledge about knowledge or cognition.
it represents properties of cognition
awareness or control of the mind - thinking about thinking.
motnitor - extrernal and interal mental state
Cybernetics
underlying idea to build mechanical models. Fundamental insight
Architecture / Model
arch - Multiple depicts general operations / a single set mechanisms for all processes
model - single depicts phenomena
ACT-R
adapative control of thought - rational
John R anderson
it represents cognition as a system of modules
declarative vs procedural.
procedural knowledge (computational) Production rules
specified as production rules
- transform infor, and change state of system to complete task
if - then rule….. or condition-action
production rules are outside of consciousness
DPO
direct procedure optimation
What makes a good cog model
- external (measurable) behaviour
- internal states and processes
compared through THEORY of VALIDATION
Alt Cog architectures
Classic info processing —psychology
BOXOLOGY (ignore the brain)
Eliminative Connectionsim
- more nureal nets
Mathmatical aproach
-ignore architecture
MMoM
Machine theory of the mind.
TOM - relates to processes an agent use to represented the mental states of itself and others.
Machines require MT to make inferences and predicitions about human cog states
ToM for human-machine teaming
robots can manipulate humans
social INSCRIPTION EXPERIMENT- pet rock
Chess and GO
move 37 - the alien move
deep convolutional nueral nets, reinforcement learning, principled (learning) alogorithms
chess - humans only care about shallow moves
ChatGPT
conversational model
arcitecture is a variant of transformer neural network architecture.
Transformer
works by processing in parallel rather than one step at a time.
it uses self-attention to pay attention to specfici popular words.
layers of transformers repeatedly apply this self attention mech
anaphora reasoning
cog process used to connect pronouns or ref expressions to antecedents to try to establish coherence and meaning to a text
This torphy doens’t fit into suitcase becasue it is to small
Negation and compositionality
fundamental concept of linguistics it states the meaning of somethign is determined by the meaning of it’s constituent parts and the way in which they are combined
ex john saw the cat
the cat saw john
Intelligence
the use of knowledge to select the best action to achieve an orgs goal
SOAR architecture
designed to model how humans use knowledge to go about searching through problem space.
problem space hypothesis, explains problem solving as a search for soltion within mental “problem space” composed of various states and operators.
DELIBERATE GOAL oriented behaviour
Problem Space
a set of stats.
In cognitive psychology, a problem space is a framework that contains all the components needed to solve a problem:
Initial state: The starting point of the problem
Operators: The actions that can be taken to change the state of the problem
Test: A way to determine if the current state is a solution
The purpose of a problem space is to generate solutions
Intelligence needs to be instaniated
knowledge —> chunk
—> procedural
neural—->
MK moves into working memory
MC symbols - MetaRepresentatio
symbols are about something -
META REPRESENTATION is about itself
a represention that is either self-representing or refers to a cognitive property
meta representing is about self representing
A mR symbol or shape can represent itself. it represents properties of cognition
MK
I know I don’t know
willam james - our ability to choose one thougth over another is our greatest weapon against stress.
MK 2nd level
MetaCognition 2 parts
like declartive/procedural but at a different level —
MONITORING = awarenes of exterior enviroment/interialenviroment
(awareness of mental state)
CONTROL = we can control things in the world or in our minds
regulation of cognitive states and processess.
CANT externalize controll
Understanding our minds helps us direct better. we needed to gain the symbols to understand the conepts and how to interact with reality.
John FLAVELL - meta Memory
1960/70s - a feeling about memory feeling, or a feeling we know something.
Adulting - a thought is a thought not a a realily - a feeling is a feeling not a reality.
my feelings can lie to me, you’re feelings are illusions, most feelings are wrong but they feel perfect or right all times
Epistemic / Noetic
degreee of knwoledge to degree of validation
Improving cognition
requires self represention properties -
MC training examples
Attention Training
Emotional Traning
memory training
memory palace
neural evidence of 36,000
through narative
MC as system 3
formal reasoing is metacognition
- do not base thoughts on emotions
-base our conclusions on reason and evidence
-beware logical fallacies
test our theories, because our thoughts can be wrong
- beleive things to the extent there is evidence to belive them
CBT MCT detached mindfulness
mc is effecitve at decreasing addicative behaviuors
overcoming our minds’ automatic pleasure seeking
interally - avoid trap of instant grat by being mindful of information taken in
exterinally - we craft physical enviroment that improves efficenty and mental welfare.
Odyssueus strategy with the sirens
lash yourself to the stern.
Self represention
sierpinksi square and triangle
represent it’s on attributes
chunks = symbols
know thyself, see your weakness
external/interal goals
everything you want External Goals
Is for interal Goals = Happiness
Monitroing 1. Control 2.
MK / Object level
allows cognition to direct itself.
object level knowledg = all cognntion to the external world
Metal Level / Object Level
metalevel = cognitive state (focus emtion, reasoning)
object level = pyshical states, represenative to external world
CBT
helps clients identity understand and modify their own thinking
process of teaching, coaching and reinforing positive behaviours
MCT
involves the dev of beneficial metacognative beliefs…. more effective than CBT
belive in possibliyt is necessary precurous to action.
mofity thining processes
Detached minfulness
maintaining realization that thought or emotion are impermannet ….. false perception of permanace
mc skills
indenity their limitations or knowing you weakness.
easier to raise a whole child than fix a broken adult.
MC is effective at decreasing addicative behaviours, overcoming our brains automatic pleasure seeking.
the human brain is designed and evolved to binge when something is a abundant. Is it the brain, or is it human societies?
you affarid of the truth.
Animal Metacognition
monkies and MC, they will bet more when they “know they know”
dont’ CHips have TOM. (permack
and Wooddrunk)
chimp gambling System 1
The prison of automaticity
addiction - neuropsychological disorder. repetive behvaiours alter the brain to increase cravings…
RUNAWAY reward learning
higher brain can’t real in lower brian
people who can’t control their minds are controlle by them
feelings of knowing
two types - metacogintion feelings
s1 mc - be affect driven, automatic, quick, not requring meta memory
s2 mc - rule base, slow efforful, relying on working memory
Meta emotions
emotions based on other emotins
or in response to other emotions
a relfection emotional reaction
a primary feeling of sadness can create a secondardy feeling of sadness
automatic emotions are often cauesd by mis perception of emotion as permamance. a perception of permamance over 50ms can cause automatice productions to match and fire
ME’s
react automatically to other emtions
primary, secondary, teritiary
making the perception of emotion as permamant whihc is wrong. … and that can lead to runaway automaticity… and harmful and destructive bevaiuor
MC can retrainst automaticity
through MC practices
daily meditation increases executive control which reults in neurophysicologal changes
meditation strengthens dorsal lateral pFC
VIPASSNIA - gets rid of thoughts put there by thoughts of impermamance
detached mindfulness
the awareness of internal events without reacting to them
precieve it outside your body
light on water, passing, passing, passing
match fire
procedural knowledge is compuationg specified as prodution rules - newl
transform information and change the state of the system to complete tasks 50m/s
if then - match fire
BG fires off something stable
perserving cycle
of negative thoughts are characteristic of nearly every pathological disorder - this is the result of automaticity of unconsious cognitive mechanism of looping cycles.
Middle path
between pain, middle point is pleasure grapsing.
mC sensitivity
the extent to with one is able to perceive their own mental states…
low and high… high allows you to preceive the impermanace of experence
low resutls in misperceptions
training improves sensitiy allowing one t perceive weaker singals from internal cognative states
think of phi phonemen lower threshold of framerate
BG firing
false percpetions - match fire 50m/s
correct perception of impermamance - procedural knowldge can’t arrise.
but practicing MC can give you the exit from a cycle and exit the condition of suffering
proceduralization
where slow and deliberate rule following allows for faster and faster proceduralization from declaritve knowldge
and MC level learning can then direct emotions, attenion and reasoning.
proceduralizztaion is trainging yourself to get better and better and better are something.
slow DK is converted to fast PK
3 stages of skill learning
1 DK
2. PK is built up
3. PK all th action that you rely on
ME are caused by
by the illusion of stability
detached mindfulness brakst hat illusion of the stable affect - deactive meta-emtions
deactivating
displacement (instructions create productions, attention productions start to complete), displaced productions become predominant
disruption- lowers the 50m/s threshold, not enought time for productions to fire.
Hedonia
a sept point determines happines.
aristotle positited that we are supposed to cultivate good character in order for our souls to floursih - a state that transcenes superficial hapiness.
3 dimensionsof happiness
- the pleasant life - meeing basic human needs today
- the good life - recognizing your strepthsand virtues, doing things that unlock your full potential
3 the meaningful life - finding a greated purpose then ourselves.
Virtue theory
healthy (the good of the body)
eudiamonia (the good of the mind) good spirit. the highest human good in older greek tradition.
for aristotle - even animals could be happy, but eudiamona is permance of a life well lived.
Eudaimonia
happiness is a temopary state but Eudaimonia
A more intense state of being that comes from finding meaning and purpose in life. It’s about living a virtuous life that’s true to your values, and can involve doing things that feel right. Eudaimonia can include moments of pain or pressure, and can motivate you to pursue worthwhile projects.
