Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CogSci1001 > 1-5 > Flashcards

1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the problem with Behavioursim? G by u , not o s

A

Doesn’t understand inside the black box. Many behaviours could not be explained in behavioursist terms. The ways people act are guided by how they understand, and not by the objective situation itself

Understanding people’s invisibile mental entities (beliefs, desires, intentions) are essential to predicting behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is science?

A

Latin for Knowledge. Aims to develop knowledge that is true - aka coresponding to relality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Empiricism?
Think ex and r

A

A theory of knowledge that asserts knowledge is gained through experience. And that reality interacts with itself lawfully, reliably and predictably

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Null Hypothosis?

A

the default position that there is no relationship between two variables.

Starting with a null hypothoseis we build up our evidence to build up our beliefs through good evidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mental models are built through e and e

A

Evidence and epriricism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What triggered the coginitive revolution?

A

Tolman’s rats - Tolman argued that learning required something more abstract - the acquisition of knowledge. The rats learned the maze witout reinforcement. Infact once reinforced they learned it better then those who were subjected to opperand conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What would Skinner predict about Tolman’s rats

A

Skinner would predcit that unrewareded Rats wouldnt’ be able to learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tolman’s Rats proved

A

The rats learned from processing information. INPUT —> processing —> OUTPUT

The rats used Grid cells. That make up the rats coordinate system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Skinner vs Chomsky

A

Skinnner says children learn by reinforcement (aka correct utterance are positively reinforced)

CHOMSKY - asserts POVERTY OF STIMULUS. Stimulus is not enough. Children learn to quickly and the rules of Language are too rich and complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is LAD?

A

Language Acquisition Device. Chomsky’s idea that humans have an intrinsic mental capacity to learn langauge. The main argument for LAD is the POS. This is paradigm shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Grid cells

A

Grid Cells’ were discovered by Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Paradigm Shift who coined the term?

A

Thomas Kuhn, a fundamental change in basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientifc discipline. errors build up in science and shift occurs. Geocentrism to Heliocentrism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cognitive Science - The paradigm shift

A

Instead of behaviour, mental entities are at the centre of the scientific system. Our actions are teh consequences of thoughts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Intentional Stance

A

Daniel Dennett - predictive value of intention. mapping atoms, rather than mental entities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who asked, “can machines think?”

A

Alan Turing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CTM and electronics?

A

The Computational Theory of the Mind - Electronics helped us to understand the nature of the mind, suddeningly in the 1950 computers were capable of things previously only attributable to living organisisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

According to the CTM

A

The mind is a compuational system simialr to a Turning machine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Church Turing Thesis

A

core mental processess (reasoning, decision-making and problem solving) are computations- aka tha processing and transformation of symbols.

The mind inputs data, stores it within internal memory, transforms information by rules and produces intellingent outputs (Newell & Simon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CTM views neurons as?

A

CTM views neurons as the hardware that produce the operations acting on representations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Multiple Realizability

A

Thinking can be instantiaed in non-biological devices (and other biological devices).

Or put another way. More than one type of thing can think.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MR

A

The idea, the same mental states can be implemented in different physical properties. Machine state functionalsim.

Thoughts can exist in different mediums.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Internal representations

A

Symbols in various formats

Internal representations are thoughts, beliefs, desires, perceptions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The central hypothesis of Cog Sci. O act r

A

OPERATIONS ACTING AS REPRESENTATIONS

Thinking is best understood as REPRESENTATIONSin the mind of computations that OPERATE on those structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

IDEA

A

Greek to “see”

Representations can refer to mental modesl or reality. These are symbols that “reprent” that depict, something that exists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

We see the world as Symbols and access reality through …

A

We can’t see the reality directly - we access reality through ideas in our brain (concepts, representations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Humans interact with the world via p and c and i

A

via perceptual and conceptual symbols. Only ideas allow us to ‘see’ reality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Knowledge Layers

A

Marr pruposed the methodolgy of cogsit through levels of analysis that can and should be studied independently. He argued to study cognition it was necessary to create abstraction barriers. Newell added the Knowledg level

1.Knowledge (represent properties). 2. Computational (carry out operation on task). 3.Neural (physical hardward responsible for processing info)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What was a Turning Machine?

A

An abstract computation device . Infinite tape, simple processor, a read/write head. It can write, erase, move one space left or right, and it’s actions are governed by a set of instructions called the MACHINE TABLE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The Turing Test

A

A - Machine B Human C Investigator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Knowledge Layers (Biological)

A
  1. knowledge (representation symbols) 2.operations (compuational) 3. Neural (hardware)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Symbols do not

A

Symbols do not stand for themselves. They stand for something else.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Brentano

A

Intentionality. Brentano believed intentioality to be the distinguishing feature of mental phenomena.

The ‘mark of the mental’ is intentionality. That is what seperates the mental from the physcial world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Aboutness

A

Intentionality means mental entities INTEND to be about something (else) . They mean to be ABOUT something. This is the nature and natural function of symbols.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Combined Symbols

A

form thinking. (aka words in a book, letters in a word, colours in a picture, edits in a film)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

PSSH

A

Physical symbol system hypothesis

A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action

A symbol is a pattern that denotes something humans can interpret.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

PSSH (4 basic fundamentals)

A
  1. Symbols are physical patterns
  2. Symbols can combine with eachother
  3. PSS contain processes for manipulationg complex symbol structures.
  4. The processes themselves can be represented by symbols and symbol structures within the system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Thinking is the transformation of

A

Symbols structures according to rules
These rules are symbolic themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The essence of intelligent thinking

A

solving problems in an intelligent way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why did the brain evolve?

A

Adaptive benefit

40
Q

Galielo

A

All things can be understood once they are discovered. The point is to discover them.

41
Q

At its basis Reality is

A

Reality is lawful, understandable, controllable

42
Q

Cognition is

A

Cognition is information processing

43
Q

Philosophy

A

The foundation of computers

Thinking about thinking

Understanding the laws of thought.

44
Q

Key figures and their concepts

A

Turning - Intelligence into thinking machines

Wundt - looking within

Skinner - Beliefs and desires are invisible, and therecore can’t be observed so studying was not a worthy endeavour.

Watson - the prediction and control of behaviour - no dividing line between man and brute

45
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Operant conditioning can make behaviour more or less likely.

46
Q

Burden of proof

A

Lays on person making the claim to prove it.

47
Q

Nativist theory

A

Poverty of stimuls. We needed other explanations of how our brains hardware/software functions. Nativist or innate.

48
Q

Necessary for biological and artifical intelligence

A

Representations / Operations

49
Q

Knowledge level is responsible for

A

Human abilities. It was not the neural level or computational level that led us to the advanacement of ideas. The neural and computational levels never changed. It was knowledge that corresponds with reality opening up new abilities and possibilites.

50
Q

Correspondence theory of truth

A

an idea is ture or false depending how accurately it represents the thing in reality

51
Q

Concepts are

A

Concpets are symbols - not the thing in itself

52
Q

Discrete state machine (Turing Machine)

A
  1. A machine that is in any one of a finite number of states at a given time
  2. Algorithims that are the TM will follow specifies the conditions under whihc it transitions between states.
53
Q

Knowledge is

A

recent. This darkness to light. History is the journey of knowledge and thoughts.

We moved from a haunted world to one that is understandable.

54
Q

life is

A

life is computation. At its very essence. Intelligence is a phenomenea of nature. Cogsci concepts an aim to represent the mind. Cogsci seeks to help us expain reality.

55
Q

Models and Theories why are they important?

A

Are essential. We need models. They give us explanitory powers.

56
Q

What has been missing from our model of reality and nature throughout history?

A

The mind has been mising from our model of reality. Human coginition is trying to build a model of itself. A model of human coginition

If you want to get ahead. Get a theory.

57
Q

Scientifically speaking what is a theory?

A

an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that has been substaniated or proven

58
Q

Thales

A

First philosopher

Causes of nature are natural not supernatural. Our knowledge of reality doens’t come form supernatural sources but from natural sources.

59
Q

Historical and Scientific roots

A

Greeks look to nature not supernatural explanainations

British empiriscists - knowledge is the result

ancient physcians - brain is the source

17/18 cent natural scientsts - discovery about sensation proved movement was in the mind.

60
Q

Aristotle

A

The father of computation.

Believed we shoud observe reality. And be willing to change our expections and beliefs depeding on evidence (intellectual humility)

belived the brain was only a sort of radiator for the heart.

natural philosophy = the orgins of science
through closely obsevery reality. The scientific process has taken millennia to refine

61
Q

Computation Theories allow us

A

Info processing explanations
Hardware /Software
Allow us to understand the higher level of what intelligence is doing.

62
Q

Cognitivism states we are

A

We are information processing beings. Living things -storing and processing information.

63
Q

Goya

A

The sleep of reason produces monsters

64
Q

Logic is

A

Logical reasoning is a way from evidence of how knoweldge have progressed. in every field

65
Q

Aristotelian philosophy states the universe is

A

The universe design is orderly not chaotic. All things exist with a rational design. All things have rational functions - acorns become oak trees, not fish.

A was the first to systematically study and catalogue the rules of correct logical reasoning.

66
Q

A L B

Mathematical Logic is inspired by

A

inspired by Aristotle’s logical system
Leibniz’s dream of a UNIVERSAL “CONCEPT LANGUAGE”….
George Boole’s book THE LAWS OF THOUGHT investigates the fundamental laws of operation of the human mind.

67
Q

the study of how to evaluate arguments and reasoning

A

LOGIC

Syllagism
IF
AND
THEN

CompSci teaches you how to reason logically and formally. Philosophy teaching you how to analyse the concepts and interconnections. How to express them elegantly and precisesly.

68
Q

Boole and Shannon

A

Boole investiaged the fundamental laws and operations of the human mind (THE LAWS OF THOUGHT) and created a general SYMBOLIC method of logical inference

but it was Shannnon who showed that Boolean logic could create circuits for adding binary digits. Which were the building blocks for arithmetical logical units - the basis of modern computers.

69
Q

Other Logic

A

India Medhatithi Gautama

Islam
al Farabi
Ibn Rushd
Ibn Sina
Al-Khwarizmi (algorithm and algerbra)

70
Q

Leibniz

A

Human reasoning could be reduced to calculations

enunciated the principals of conjunction, disjunction and negation (logical operations)

Said all complex idea are compounded from a small number of simple ideas

71
Q

Ada Lovelace

A

The first computer programmer

First to recognize that machines had applications beyond pure calculation

Published the first alogrithim intended to be carried out by a machine. One was to calcuate Bernoulli numbers and is considered the first computer program.

72
Q

Gottlob Frege

A

Considered the father of Analytic philosophy.

wanted to prove that logic and arithmetic are identical

invented axiomatic predicatelogic and quantified variables which solved the problem of multiple generality

73
Q

Descarte

A

Cogito ergo sum
belived the mind and brain were two different substances

74
Q

Charles Bonnet

A

17th cent - Pioneered the idea that the mind is the product of the physcial brain.

” the theatre of the mind could be generated by the machinery of the brain”

75
Q

Purkinje

A

Sees the first neuron in 1832

76
Q

Bertrand Russell

A

Bertrand Russell remarked that science seems to have developed in reverse. The heavens first and then working our way back towards the mind.

Laid the ground work for foundation princpals of modern computing by advancing formal logic

77
Q

The ship of Thesus

A

Thought experiment on Funcationalism

78
Q

Functionalism states that

A

Mental states are identical to functional states

  1. They can be realized in multiple ways (mulitple realizability)
  2. They are characterized relationally in terms of the role they play in a wider system. They are characterized in terms of their causal relationships to sensory inputes, mental states and behavioral outputs.
79
Q

What is Dual System theory?

A

Also known as Dual Process Theory.

Kahneman L1 fast, unconsious, automatic —- FEELINGS direct L1

L2 slow, conscious, controlled. — KNOWLEDGE directs L2

80
Q

Procedural memory is what level of DPT?

A

System 1

81
Q

Declarative Memory is what level of Dual Process Theory

A

System 2. Knowledge directs porcedural knowledge to act

82
Q

Symbolic / SUB - symbolic

A

EXPLICITLY symbols

IMPLICITLY encoded weights and thresholds

83
Q

Symbols can be

A

Symbols chained (added) together or combined to make more symbols

84
Q

Knowledge represents

A

represent the underlying principles of reality including intelligence.

85
Q

Modularity of Mind

A

Jerry Fodor 1983 - The mind consists of specialized mental modules.

Modules are autonomous and domain-specific

86
Q

Information Encapsulation

A

Mind modules are informationally encapsulated - THEY CANNOT ACCESS INFORMATION STORED ELSEWHERE.

think the Müller-Lyer arrow optical illusion as an example of this.

87
Q

Two types of Knowledge

A

Delcartive memory (knowledge of what, facts) - MTL and hippocampus

Procedural memory (knowledge of how, doing) - basal ganglia

88
Q

RTM representational mr sem . Comp casu sym

A
  • Mental representations are symbols.
  • Symbols are physical objects with semantic (meaningful properties).
  • Computations are the causalrelations among symbols

the word FOOD is not food. It is a a composition of symbols with a semantic meaning of sustenance

Turning thought-as-computation showed causal relations among mental symbols.

Anderson calls these “units of thought”

89
Q

RTM vs CTM

A

Representational TM mental states are representational of internal and external realty

CTM focus on the computation operations and algorims that processs these mental states.

90
Q

Newell Simon 1976

A

intelligence resides in physical symbol systems.

but Searle’s 1980 chinese room proves we need more than symbols. asserts a computer cannot have a mind

91
Q

Connectionism (PDP)

A

Connections are either excitatory or inhibitory

also know as parallel distributed processing. It is argued this better captures the neurology of the brain and is a better mimic of cognition (and synaptic connections)

92
Q

Hebbian network

A

The ‘weight’ between two neurons increase if they neurons activate simultaneously and reduces if they activate seperately.

AKA activity-dependent plasticity with correlated action stregnthen connections

“Neurons that fire together, wire together”

93
Q

Symbols Systems vs Neural Nets

A

SS - representations are distinct and indentifiable. Rules are EXPLICITLY represent via symbols

NN - represnations are not necessarily distinct of definable. Rules are IMPLICITLY encoded via weights and thresholds

94
Q

Procedural knowledge has no

A

semantic meaning

95
Q

psychology - expression of relations among mental states - thoughts , beliefs, desires and actions

A
96
Q

Opperant conditioning

A

Pavlovs dogs - because it’s instictive not willful

CogSci1001 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions