1-5 Flashcards
What is the problem with Behavioursim? G by u , not o s
Doesn’t understand inside the black box. Many behaviours could not be explained in behavioursist terms. The ways people act are guided by how they understand, and not by the objective situation itself
Understanding people’s invisibile mental entities (beliefs, desires, intentions) are essential to predicting behaviour
What is science?
Latin for Knowledge. Aims to develop knowledge that is true - aka coresponding to relality.
What is Empiricism?
Think ex and r
A theory of knowledge that asserts knowledge is gained through experience. And that reality interacts with itself lawfully, reliably and predictably
What is the Null Hypothosis?
the default position that there is no relationship between two variables.
Starting with a null hypothoseis we build up our evidence to build up our beliefs through good evidence.
Mental models are built through e and e
Evidence and epriricism
What triggered the coginitive revolution?
Tolman’s rats - Tolman argued that learning required something more abstract - the acquisition of knowledge. The rats learned the maze witout reinforcement. Infact once reinforced they learned it better then those who were subjected to opperand conditioning.
What would Skinner predict about Tolman’s rats
Skinner would predcit that unrewareded Rats wouldnt’ be able to learn
Tolman’s Rats proved
The rats learned from processing information. INPUT —> processing —> OUTPUT
The rats used Grid cells. That make up the rats coordinate system.
Skinner vs Chomsky
Skinnner says children learn by reinforcement (aka correct utterance are positively reinforced)
CHOMSKY - asserts POVERTY OF STIMULUS. Stimulus is not enough. Children learn to quickly and the rules of Language are too rich and complex
What is LAD?
Language Acquisition Device. Chomsky’s idea that humans have an intrinsic mental capacity to learn langauge. The main argument for LAD is the POS. This is paradigm shift
Grid cells
Grid Cells’ were discovered by Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser.
Paradigm Shift who coined the term?
Thomas Kuhn, a fundamental change in basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientifc discipline. errors build up in science and shift occurs. Geocentrism to Heliocentrism.
Cognitive Science - The paradigm shift
Instead of behaviour, mental entities are at the centre of the scientific system. Our actions are teh consequences of thoughts.
The Intentional Stance
Daniel Dennett - predictive value of intention. mapping atoms, rather than mental entities.
Who asked, “can machines think?”
Alan Turing
CTM and electronics?
The Computational Theory of the Mind - Electronics helped us to understand the nature of the mind, suddeningly in the 1950 computers were capable of things previously only attributable to living organisisms.
According to the CTM
The mind is a compuational system simialr to a Turning machine.
Church Turing Thesis
core mental processess (reasoning, decision-making and problem solving) are computations- aka tha processing and transformation of symbols.
The mind inputs data, stores it within internal memory, transforms information by rules and produces intellingent outputs (Newell & Simon)
CTM views neurons as?
CTM views neurons as the hardware that produce the operations acting on representations.
Multiple Realizability
Thinking can be instantiaed in non-biological devices (and other biological devices).
Or put another way. More than one type of thing can think.
MR
The idea, the same mental states can be implemented in different physical properties. Machine state functionalsim.
Thoughts can exist in different mediums.
Internal representations
Symbols in various formats
Internal representations are thoughts, beliefs, desires, perceptions.
The central hypothesis of Cog Sci. O act r
OPERATIONS ACTING AS REPRESENTATIONS
Thinking is best understood as REPRESENTATIONSin the mind of computations that OPERATE on those structures.
IDEA
Greek to “see”
Representations can refer to mental modesl or reality. These are symbols that “reprent” that depict, something that exists.
We see the world as Symbols and access reality through …
We can’t see the reality directly - we access reality through ideas in our brain (concepts, representations)
Humans interact with the world via p and c and i
via perceptual and conceptual symbols. Only ideas allow us to ‘see’ reality.
Knowledge Layers
Marr pruposed the methodolgy of cogsit through levels of analysis that can and should be studied independently. He argued to study cognition it was necessary to create abstraction barriers. Newell added the Knowledg level
1.Knowledge (represent properties). 2. Computational (carry out operation on task). 3.Neural (physical hardward responsible for processing info)
What was a Turning Machine?
An abstract computation device . Infinite tape, simple processor, a read/write head. It can write, erase, move one space left or right, and it’s actions are governed by a set of instructions called the MACHINE TABLE.
The Turing Test
A - Machine B Human C Investigator
Knowledge Layers (Biological)
- knowledge (representation symbols) 2.operations (compuational) 3. Neural (hardware)
Symbols do not
Symbols do not stand for themselves. They stand for something else.
Brentano
Intentionality. Brentano believed intentioality to be the distinguishing feature of mental phenomena.
The ‘mark of the mental’ is intentionality. That is what seperates the mental from the physcial world.
Aboutness
Intentionality means mental entities INTEND to be about something (else) . They mean to be ABOUT something. This is the nature and natural function of symbols.
Combined Symbols
form thinking. (aka words in a book, letters in a word, colours in a picture, edits in a film)
PSSH
Physical symbol system hypothesis
A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action
A symbol is a pattern that denotes something humans can interpret.
PSSH (4 basic fundamentals)
- Symbols are physical patterns
- Symbols can combine with eachother
- PSS contain processes for manipulationg complex symbol structures.
- The processes themselves can be represented by symbols and symbol structures within the system
Thinking is the transformation of
Symbols structures according to rules
These rules are symbolic themselves
The essence of intelligent thinking
solving problems in an intelligent way.
Why did the brain evolve?
Adaptive benefit
Galielo
All things can be understood once they are discovered. The point is to discover them.
At its basis Reality is
Reality is lawful, understandable, controllable
Cognition is
Cognition is information processing
Philosophy
The foundation of computers
Thinking about thinking
Understanding the laws of thought.
Key figures and their concepts
Turning - Intelligence into thinking machines
Wundt - looking within
Skinner - Beliefs and desires are invisible, and therecore can’t be observed so studying was not a worthy endeavour.
Watson - the prediction and control of behaviour - no dividing line between man and brute
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning can make behaviour more or less likely.
Burden of proof
Lays on person making the claim to prove it.
Nativist theory
Poverty of stimuls. We needed other explanations of how our brains hardware/software functions. Nativist or innate.
Necessary for biological and artifical intelligence
Representations / Operations
Knowledge level is responsible for
Human abilities. It was not the neural level or computational level that led us to the advanacement of ideas. The neural and computational levels never changed. It was knowledge that corresponds with reality opening up new abilities and possibilites.
Correspondence theory of truth
an idea is ture or false depending how accurately it represents the thing in reality
Concepts are
Concpets are symbols - not the thing in itself
Discrete state machine (Turing Machine)
- A machine that is in any one of a finite number of states at a given time
- Algorithims that are the TM will follow specifies the conditions under whihc it transitions between states.
Knowledge is
recent. This darkness to light. History is the journey of knowledge and thoughts.
We moved from a haunted world to one that is understandable.
life is
life is computation. At its very essence. Intelligence is a phenomenea of nature. Cogsci concepts an aim to represent the mind. Cogsci seeks to help us expain reality.
Models and Theories why are they important?
Are essential. We need models. They give us explanitory powers.
What has been missing from our model of reality and nature throughout history?
The mind has been mising from our model of reality. Human coginition is trying to build a model of itself. A model of human coginition
If you want to get ahead. Get a theory.
Scientifically speaking what is a theory?
an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that has been substaniated or proven
Thales
First philosopher
Causes of nature are natural not supernatural. Our knowledge of reality doens’t come form supernatural sources but from natural sources.
Historical and Scientific roots
Greeks look to nature not supernatural explanainations
British empiriscists - knowledge is the result
ancient physcians - brain is the source
17/18 cent natural scientsts - discovery about sensation proved movement was in the mind.
Aristotle
The father of computation.
Believed we shoud observe reality. And be willing to change our expections and beliefs depeding on evidence (intellectual humility)
belived the brain was only a sort of radiator for the heart.
natural philosophy = the orgins of science
through closely obsevery reality. The scientific process has taken millennia to refine
Computation Theories allow us
Info processing explanations
Hardware /Software
Allow us to understand the higher level of what intelligence is doing.
Cognitivism states we are
We are information processing beings. Living things -storing and processing information.
Goya
The sleep of reason produces monsters
Logic is
Logical reasoning is a way from evidence of how knoweldge have progressed. in every field
Aristotelian philosophy states the universe is
The universe design is orderly not chaotic. All things exist with a rational design. All things have rational functions - acorns become oak trees, not fish.
A was the first to systematically study and catalogue the rules of correct logical reasoning.
A L B
Mathematical Logic is inspired by
inspired by Aristotle’s logical system
Leibniz’s dream of a UNIVERSAL “CONCEPT LANGUAGE”….
George Boole’s book THE LAWS OF THOUGHT investigates the fundamental laws of operation of the human mind.
the study of how to evaluate arguments and reasoning
LOGIC
Syllagism
IF
AND
THEN
CompSci teaches you how to reason logically and formally. Philosophy teaching you how to analyse the concepts and interconnections. How to express them elegantly and precisesly.
Boole and Shannon
Boole investiaged the fundamental laws and operations of the human mind (THE LAWS OF THOUGHT) and created a general SYMBOLIC method of logical inference
but it was Shannnon who showed that Boolean logic could create circuits for adding binary digits. Which were the building blocks for arithmetical logical units - the basis of modern computers.
Other Logic
India Medhatithi Gautama
Islam
al Farabi
Ibn Rushd
Ibn Sina
Al-Khwarizmi (algorithm and algerbra)
Leibniz
Human reasoning could be reduced to calculations
enunciated the principals of conjunction, disjunction and negation (logical operations)
Said all complex idea are compounded from a small number of simple ideas
Ada Lovelace
The first computer programmer
First to recognize that machines had applications beyond pure calculation
Published the first alogrithim intended to be carried out by a machine. One was to calcuate Bernoulli numbers and is considered the first computer program.
Gottlob Frege
Considered the father of Analytic philosophy.
wanted to prove that logic and arithmetic are identical
invented axiomatic predicatelogic and quantified variables which solved the problem of multiple generality
Descarte
Cogito ergo sum
belived the mind and brain were two different substances
Charles Bonnet
17th cent - Pioneered the idea that the mind is the product of the physcial brain.
” the theatre of the mind could be generated by the machinery of the brain”
Purkinje
Sees the first neuron in 1832
Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Russell remarked that science seems to have developed in reverse. The heavens first and then working our way back towards the mind.
Laid the ground work for foundation princpals of modern computing by advancing formal logic
The ship of Thesus
Thought experiment on Funcationalism
Functionalism states that
Mental states are identical to functional states
- They can be realized in multiple ways (mulitple realizability)
- They are characterized relationally in terms of the role they play in a wider system. They are characterized in terms of their causal relationships to sensory inputes, mental states and behavioral outputs.
What is Dual System theory?
Also known as Dual Process Theory.
Kahneman L1 fast, unconsious, automatic —- FEELINGS direct L1
L2 slow, conscious, controlled. — KNOWLEDGE directs L2
Procedural memory is what level of DPT?
System 1
Declarative Memory is what level of Dual Process Theory
System 2. Knowledge directs porcedural knowledge to act
Symbolic / SUB - symbolic
EXPLICITLY symbols
IMPLICITLY encoded weights and thresholds
Symbols can be
Symbols chained (added) together or combined to make more symbols
Knowledge represents
represent the underlying principles of reality including intelligence.
Modularity of Mind
Jerry Fodor 1983 - The mind consists of specialized mental modules.
Modules are autonomous and domain-specific
Information Encapsulation
Mind modules are informationally encapsulated - THEY CANNOT ACCESS INFORMATION STORED ELSEWHERE.
think the Müller-Lyer arrow optical illusion as an example of this.
Two types of Knowledge
Delcartive memory (knowledge of what, facts) - MTL and hippocampus
Procedural memory (knowledge of how, doing) - basal ganglia
RTM representational mr sem . Comp casu sym
- Mental representations are symbols.
- Symbols are physical objects with semantic (meaningful properties).
- Computations are the causalrelations among symbols
the word FOOD is not food. It is a a composition of symbols with a semantic meaning of sustenance
Turning thought-as-computation showed causal relations among mental symbols.
Anderson calls these “units of thought”
RTM vs CTM
Representational TM mental states are representational of internal and external realty
CTM focus on the computation operations and algorims that processs these mental states.
Newell Simon 1976
intelligence resides in physical symbol systems.
but Searle’s 1980 chinese room proves we need more than symbols. asserts a computer cannot have a mind
Connectionism (PDP)
Connections are either excitatory or inhibitory
also know as parallel distributed processing. It is argued this better captures the neurology of the brain and is a better mimic of cognition (and synaptic connections)
Hebbian network
The ‘weight’ between two neurons increase if they neurons activate simultaneously and reduces if they activate seperately.
AKA activity-dependent plasticity with correlated action stregnthen connections
“Neurons that fire together, wire together”
Symbols Systems vs Neural Nets
SS - representations are distinct and indentifiable. Rules are EXPLICITLY represent via symbols
NN - represnations are not necessarily distinct of definable. Rules are IMPLICITLY encoded via weights and thresholds
Procedural knowledge has no
semantic meaning
psychology - expression of relations among mental states - thoughts , beliefs, desires and actions
Opperant conditioning
Pavlovs dogs - because it’s instictive not willful
