4th Unit / Ch 16, 17, 18 Class Notes Mixed Flashcards
Ketone Bodies
Where are they made and when are they made?
They are made in the liver, after long fasting.
They are induced by Glucagon, and produced by Lipolysis.
Ketone Bodies
What do they not need for travel in the bloodstream?
When made by Lipolysis, whats the process?
Ketone bodies do not need Albumin to travel in the bloodstream. During Lipolysis, adipose tissues release fatty acids & glycerol into the blood stream to undergo Beta oxidation for energy.
Beta Oxidation
What is this and what is produced?
When fatty acids and Glycerol are released into the bloodstream, they are used in Beta oxidation to create Oxyacytelate and Acytyl CoA
Ketone Bodies by Pyruvate?
Pyruvate is broken into Oxyacytelate by
Pyruvate Carboxylase.
It is then reduced by NADH and driven to Malate.
Where can Ketone bodies from Oxyacytelate and Acytl CoA enter?
TCA, the Krebs Cycle
What happens in Diabetes Mellitus?
Glucose cannot enter cells, there is no Insulin.
So no Oxyacytlate can be made.
Also no Pyruvate can be made without glucose in Glycolysis.
How is 2 Aceytyl CoA made from Hepatic tissues?
What are the steps?
1st, B-Hydroxybutyrate by Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is made to
Acetoacetate, then by succiylCoA acetoacetate transferase is made to Acetoactyl CoA,
then with thiolase is made to
2 Aceytl Coa
After several days of starving, the brain finally uses ketone bodies for energy. What happens and how does it progress to this?
After 4 days, it starts to increase uptake of ketone bodies as its shift gets less for glucose from the liver and gluconeogenesis.
After 1 week, the split is 50/50 on demand thru glucose and ketone bodies.
What is Ketonemia?
How do you get it and what happens?
When you exceed too much ketone bodies in the blood. It is more severe in people with diabetes.
You check for ketonemia in urine
Too much leads to Ketosis, then acidosis.
What happens in Lipolysis of Tricyglycerol in response to Hypoglecemia and stress?
hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids, causes a decrease in insulin, and an increase in epiniphrine and cortisol.
Glycophospholipids
Triglycerides are simples fat consisting of?
What are complex fats made of?
- Glycerol and alcohol
- complex ones are of glycerol, alcohol and hydroxl groups.
What is in the synthesis of Triacylglycerol?
Glycerol phosphate goes to
Lipophospatidic acid, then it goes to
Phosphatidic acid, then goes to
Diacylglycerol, which finally goes to
Triacylglycerol
What are 2 large Glycerophospholipids?
Phoshatidylinositol and
Cardiolipin
What is the co enzyme for complex lipid synthesis?
Cytidine Diphosphate ( CDP )
Methionine and Adenosine come togather in a methylation reaction, but what is the methyl group donor?
5 adenosylmethionine
Lung surficant is a extracellular fluid layer in the alveoli that reduces surface tension and prevents collapse. It also helps in gas exchange.
What happens if it goes down?
It will lead to respiratory distress of premature infants and ultimatly will lead to infant death.
The structure of Phosphotidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate
allows what?
Allows lateral mobility on plasma membrane, allows specific proteins to covalently bond to form carbohydrate bridges.
What is Glycerol Phoshotidylinositol (GP1) used as?
A membrane protein anchor.
Paroxysmal noctural Hemoglobinuria
What is this?
When you have a decrease in Glycerol Phoshotidylinositol (GP1), leading to hemolytic disease. It will happen in sleep due to CO2 retention which will lower ph causing acidic buildup in blood.
What can promote Phospholipid synthesis?
By activating Diacylglycerol or alchohol linked to a nucleoside diphosphate (CDP).
Plasmalogen
an Esther Glycerophospholipid with saturated alkyl group with its ether linked to carbon 1 of of a glycerol.
What does this thing do?
It is a platelet activating factor PAF for coagulation
Degradation of glycerophospolipids by phospholipases breaks it into 4 different kinds.
What are they?
Di and single lipids.
Synthesis of Sphingosine Ceramide and Sphingomyclin
with vitamin B6 as cofactor
Acytlo CoA + Serine go to
Sphingosine, with (fatty accid CoA) goes to
Ceramide, with (choline CDP choline) goes to
Sphingomyelin
What is the structure of neutral Glycosphinolipids & Galactocerebroside?
Galatose/polar head + Ceramide/hydrophobic tail
