4PS007 - Health psycho Flashcards
Define Health psychology
[V.I.P]
The study of how psychological variables can
impact upon our physical health
what is the role of a health psychologist
[K.P.U]
[S.P-E.C]
“Health psychologists use their KNOWLEDGE of
psychology and health to PROMOTE general
well-being and UNDERSTAND physical illness.
They are specially trained to help people deal
with the PSYCHO/EMOTIONAL aspects
of health and illness as well as supporting
people who are CHRONICALLY ill” (BPS).
What is Martin Hagger known for [F.A.C]
Describe a prominent research he has done that has made a contribution to society
- what was introduced
- what was investigated [same year]
-> results
- what was the intervention [same year]
-> results
Investigates how psychological FACTORS such as attitudes, intentions, self-control, action plans, and motivation AFFECT their behaviour and what health professionals can do to CHANGE health-related behaviour.
Done a lot of work in binge drinking:
– UK Government wanted to introduce min price per unit of alcohol [MPPA] policy to help reduce UK alcohol consumption.
Lonsdale, A., S. J. Hardcastle, and M. Hagger [2012]
MPPA focus group = public opinion concerns of new policy to curb alcohol consumption
had scepticism of its effectiveness + least likely to work by itself, needed other educational messages [policy to become a package]
Hagger, M., A. Lonsdale, and N. Chatzisarantis. 2012.
theory based interventions [MPPA] = reduce alcohol drinking [excess of guidelines from undergrads]
mental simulation [MS] = sig fewer consumptions + occasional heavy drinking
MS x implementation intention = best yielded results in reducing drinking
what are the key concepts of health psychology
- Biopsychosocial model [BPS]
- Self efficacy [SE]
- The Transtheoretical Model [TTM]
- The Theory of Planned Behaviour [TPB]
Describe the BiosychosocIal [BPS] model
[I.C]
BPS model (Engel, 1977) is an INTERDISCIPLINARY model that assumes that health, illness and vulnerability to illness are caused and/or explained by a COMPLEX interaction of bio, psycho, and socio-cultural factors.
– biological (vulnerability, exposure)
– psychological (personality, behaviour)
– social (social support)
Give some references & their work on using biopsychosocial model
if the Mandatory Q. specifically ask for BPS then use some of the info on clinical as probs wont be able to use all of it in addition there are 3 other key main theories that health use so least likely to happen
Describe self-efficacy [S.E.]
- who made it
- definition of it [C.A]
- creators def of it as well [S.I.P.J.P]
-> account for? [C.S]
- examples
SE - Bandura, 1977, 1982)
One’s CONFIDEDNCE in being able to ACHIEVE some aim.
Bandura:
- SELF-perceptions of efficacy INFLUENCES thought patterns, actions, and emotional arousal.
- PERCEIVED SE is concerned with JUDGEMENTS of how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with PROSPECTIVE situations.
Perceived SE accounts for changes in COPING and
levels of STRESS experienced
– high SE ppl may perceive difficult task as ‘challenges to be mastered’.
– low SE ppl may perceive difficult task as perceived threats
Give some references & their work on using S.E.
[E.M.O] -> [Q-A-L // E-N // C-C.E]
-> same dates
- SE affects success in QUITTING smoking and relapse for ADOLESCENTS + LOW SE can predict 1st/2nd lapses & relapsing
(Van Zundert, Ferguson, Shiffman & Engels, 2010).
-> (Engels et al, 2010) - The association between being overweight and depression depends upon one’s SE in relation to ENGAGING in physical activity [PA]
-> PA SE NEGATIVELY correlated to BMI, WC, %Body fat
(Konttinen, Silventoinen, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, Männistö & Haukkala, 2010).
-> (Mannisto et al, 2010) - SE is very important factor in CHRONIC care [diabetes]
SE used for interventions on improving diabetes CONTROL/health EQUITY
(Osborn, Cavanaugh, Wallstond & Rothman, 2010).
-> (Osborn et al, 2010)
Describe the Transtheoretical model [TTM]
- who made it [P.P]
- define it [F.C.F]
(TTM: Prochaska & Di Clemente, 1992; Prochaska, Evers, Castle, Johnson, Prochaska, Rula, et al, 2012)
-> (Prochaska et al, 1992) + (Prochaska et al, 2012)
- The TTM is a FRAMEWORK for understanding behaviour CHANGE. It argues that individuals pass through FIVE stages in changing their behaviour.
Show the model of TTM and Describe its process
[P.C.P.A.M] -> [I.S.C.C.S]
Pre-contemplation -> Contemplation -> Preparation -> Action -> Maintenance [loop]
- 1st stage: Pre-contemplation, designates
individuals who are thinking about performing
the behaviour and are not sufficiently aware
of the health IMPLICATIONS. - 2nd stage: Contemplation, persons start to
think SERIOUSLY about changing their
behaviour, but have not yet acted. - 3rd Stage: Preparation is characterised by
people preparing themselves and their social
world for a CHANGE in their behaviour. - 4th stage: Action is when individuals
successfully and CONSISTENTLY perform the
behaviour. - 5th stage: Maintenance stage occurs when the behaviour has been performed for SIX months or more.
“For” references & their work on using TTM stages
*Success (particularly in certain interventions)
[R/V.J.Y] -> [I-I / C-U.T.R / E-I.I.I]
* 2 have the same year except for 1
- TTM INTERVENTIONS very effective in addressing teenage smoking (Robinson & Vail, 2011).
[1999 - June 2009]
4/6 studies [inc/exc criteria] = odd ratio > 1 / INTERVENTION arms > control arms [sig quit rate] - Use of oral CONTRACEPTIVE pill – evidence for effective intervention based on TTM
W -> UNDERVALUE advantages + TIMID in using given method = REPRESENT targets for interventions/ future research
(Dempsey, Johnson & Westhoff, 2011)
-> (Johnson et al, 2011) - EXERCISE in adults:
INTRINSIC motivation/IDENTIIED regulation = performance of the exercise
INTROJECTED regulation = promote behaviour change [jap adults]
(Kuroda, Sato, Ishizaka,
Yamakado & Yamaguchi, 2012).
-> (Yamaguchi et al, 2012)
“Against” references & their work on using TTM
- what is lacking? [E.A.F]
- criticism? [T.M.V]
- dependent? [C.A]
- unable to do specific actions [D.C.C]
- what are our behaviours normally governed from [R.A.N-C]
- too simple? [O]
- Lack of EMPIRICAL support - The lack of evidence for TTM in cessation of ALCOHOL abuse is highlighted
[meagre/inconsistent] -> FUTURE research urge to develop better stage models
(Sutton, 2001).
Problems with it’s theoretical underpinnings: It’s been argued that the model may be better described as a TWO phased model:
- MOTIVATIONAL phase including (pre-contemplation; contemplation and preparation stage)
- VOLITIONAL phase (including action and maintenance)
(Armitage, 2009).
- TTM relies too heavily upon CONSCIOUS processes – much of our behaviours are AUTOMATIC habit.
- DISTINCT stages are unable to capture the COMPEXITY of human behaviour & can be seen more of a point on a larger CONTINUUM of the process of change
- Our behaviours are often governed by REWARD and ASSOCIATIVE learning – these processes are NOT necessarily CONSCIOUS
- Is the model a statement of the OBVIOUS?
Describe the theory of planned behaviour [TPB] & show the model
- origins [A/F] -> [A]
- role, who said it + date [P.E]
- model [A.S.P.I.B]
- what is attitudes towards the behaviour & what is consist of [M.B.A]
- components of subjective norms [P.N]
- components of perceived behavioural control [C.P-B]
-> what was it similarise to?
Theory of reasoned action [Ajzen & Fishbein, 1975] thought that behaviours are lead by intentions which is impowered from one’s attitudes formed from their beliefs -> TPB [Ajzen, 1991/2011]
TPB is designed to PREDICT & EXPLAIN human behaviour (Ajzen, 1991).
model:
Attention/ subjective norms/ perceived behavioural controls -> intention -> behaviour
perceived behavioural control can go straight to behaviour
Attitudes towards the behaviour is a MULTIDIMENSIONAL construct that consist of
– behavioural BELIEFS (about the consequences of a behaviour)
– general ATTITUDES towards a behaviour (positive or negative judgements about performing the behaviour).
Subjective norms consists of two components;
– the PERCEIVED social pressure to perform or not perform a particular behaviour
– NORMATIVE beliefs, which are beliefs about how important people would like them to behave.
Perceived behavioural control consists of
– CONTROL beliefs (the perceived presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performing a particular behaviour)
– PERCIEVED behavioural control (the perceived ability to perform a behaviour).
Ajzen (1992) likened PBC to self-efficacy.
“For” references & their work on using TPB & research of TPB with oocyte donation
- what did it predict? [D-I.R / C-S.P / S-Q.E.S] -> [A/C.F/K.E.P/A]
oocyte donation & TPB
- aim? [E]
- outcome measurements? [S]
- sample?
- pie char stats? [N.I.P]
- results
Predicted:
DIETARY behaviour:
IMPACT of questionnaire formats & social desirability [minimal]
= TPB is a ROBUST predictor for food choice
(Armitage & Conner, 1999)
CONTRACEPTION use:
SUBJECTIVE norms = most important as a PREDICTOR for contraception use (β = .33, p<.001)
(Fekadu & Kraft, 2002)
SMOKING behaviour:
QUALITY of parent-child relationship/knowledge of parent [indirect affect] - biggest factor
informed of how much influence to EXERT + given advice/info on how to STOP their kids from smoking
(Harakeh, Scholte, Vermulst, de Vries and Engels, 2004)
-> [Engels et al, 2004]
OOCTYTE donation (Purewal & van den Akker, 2006/2009)
oocyte donation & TPB: Purewal & van den Akker (2009)
Aim:
EVALUATE components of the TPB on women’s intention to donate their oocytes (eggs).
Outcome Measurements:
Attitudes towards oocyte donation SCALE (incorporated TPB constructs in questionnaire).
Sample:
528 [W] // 16 - 68
filled questionnaires online
only 349 respondents met the age criteria (<35 years)
Non-intenders 28.9% / Intenders 36.1% / Possible intenders 35.0%
Attitudes towards oocyte donation/subjective norms directly predicted intention to donate.
PBC did not predict intentions.
“Mixed” references & their work on using TPB
- how much studies was used? [A/C]
- results? but? [B.I.V]
- [r = ?] results? [I.P]
- what about perceived behavioural control [PBC] [I]
- its weakness? [S]
** there are found from 1 study, the one that you mentions from the 1st Q.
Armitage and Conner (2001) conducted a meta-analysis on 185 studies that have tested the TPB.
They found the TPB accounted for BEHAVIOURS [27% ] & INTENTIONS [39%]. However, there is a considerable amount of VARIANCE that the TPB does not explain.
INTENTIONS were the strongest PREDICITORS of behaviours (r = 0.47).
PBC /attitudes to behaviour = predicting behaviour + PBC could INDEPENDTLY predict intentions & behaviour [useful construct]
However, SUBJECTI VE norms was found to the weakest predictor of intentions or behaviours.
