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Biology Unit 4 > 4C. Neurobiology and behaviour 9/10 > Flashcards

4C. Neurobiology and behaviour 9/10 Flashcards

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1
Q

identify the location and function of cerebrum?

A

front of brain, responsible for all voluntary behaviour, memory, personality, learning and reasoning

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2
Q

identify location and function of cerebellum??

A

Bottom back of brain, controls muscle coordination and non-voluntary movement (e.g. balance, posture)

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3
Q

identify location and function of hypothalamus/?

A

just above brain stem,
- control centre for autonomic nervous system
- responsible for hormone prod, regulation of water potential of body fluids and control of behavioural patterns
- links nervous and endocrine systems

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4
Q

identify location and function of medulla oblongata??

A

“brain stem”, regulates autonomic activities such as ventilation, heart rate and peristalsis

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5
Q

what are meninges?

A

three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

what is inflammation of the meninges known as?

A

meningitis

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7
Q

name the fluid that fills the 4 ventricles of the brain, what is its function?

A

-cerebrospinal fluid
-supplies oxygen and nutrients to the neurones

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8
Q

describe the 3 main regions of the brain:

A
  • hindbrain - medulla oblongata & cerebellum
  • midbrain - nerve fibres that connect forebrain & midbrain
  • forebrain - hypothalamus, thalamus & cerebrum
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9
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

small structure located above the brainstem
sends & receives info to & from the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

what is the role of the hippocampus?

A

it is involved in learning, memory, reasoning & personality

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11
Q

what do the thalamus, hypothalamus & hippocampus constitute??

A

the limbic system

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12
Q

name the 2 main divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
    act antagonistically to regulate response of effectors e.g. heart rate
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13
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

-branch of the motor nervous system
-carries nerve impulses to muscles & glands
-controls involuntary activities

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14
Q

describe the sympathetic nervous system:

A
  • usually stimulates effectors (coordinates fight-or-flight response)
  • neurotransmitter noradrenaline
  • ganglia are located near CNS
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15
Q

describe the parasympathetic nervous system:

A
  • usually inhibits effectors (coordinates rest & digest response)
  • neurotransmitter acetylcholine
  • ganglia located far from CNS
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16
Q

describe structure of the cerebrum:

A

-largest region of brain, consisting of 2 hemispheres
-hemispheres connected by bundle of nerve fibres, corpus callosum
-thin outer covering, cerebral cortex

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17
Q

describe the structure and function of the cerebral cortex?

A

-highly folded layer of nerve cell bodies (grey matter)
-responsible for most conscious thoughts and actions

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18
Q

compare grey and white matter

A

grey matter: darker tissue of the CNS which lies centrally and consists of relay and motor neurone cell bodies
white matter: lighter tissue of the CNS which surrounds grey matter consists of myelinated axons

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19
Q

name the 4 cerebral lobes & state their function

A

-frontal lobe- involved in planning, decision making, problem solving, emotions, speech & movement
-temporal lobe - language learning and memory
-occipital lobe - visual processing centre
-parietal lobe - processes sensory information & is concerned with orientation, movement, sensation & aspects of memory & recognition

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20
Q

3 divisions of the cerebral cortex??

A

-sensory areas
-motor areas
-association areas

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21
Q

what are ur sensory areas?

A

areas of the brain that recieve & process sensory info from receptors in the body

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22
Q

what are the motor areas??

A

-areas of the brain involved in control of voluntary movements
-they send nerve impulses to effectors on the opposite side of the body via motor neurones

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23
Q

what are association areas?

A

-regions that recieve info from sensory areas & relate this info to previous experiences
-they initiate responses, sending impulses to the appropriate motor areas

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24
Q

describe the rs bet the nerve supply of a body part & the size of the corresponding area of the cerebrum

A

+ve rs

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25
Q

how can the rs bet the nerve supply of a body part & the size of the relevant area of the cerebrum be represented?

A

using sensory and motor homunculi

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26
Q

descirbe the sensory homunculus:

A

-represents the primary somatosensory cortex
-highly innervated areas such as the tongue lips and fingertips are depicted in an exaggerated fashion

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27
Q

describe the motor homunculus

A

-represents the primary motor cortex
-highly innervated areas such as the muscles of the hands and face are depicted in an exaggerated fashion

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28
Q

name the 2 main areas for speech in the brain?

A

-Wernicke’s area
-Broca’s area

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29
Q

what division of the cerebral cortex includes Broca’s area?

A

motor area

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30
Q

what is Broca’s area?

A

the area of the cerebrum that has motor control over speech prod

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31
Q

what division of the cerebral cortex includes Wernicke’s area?

A

association area

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32
Q

what is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

comprehension of written and spoken language

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33
Q

how are Broca’s area and Wernicke’s are linked?

A

linked by the nerve fibre bundle arcuate fasciculus

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34
Q

name the 5 brain imaging techniques:

A

-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
-positron emission tomography (PET)
-computerised tomography (CT)
-electroencephalography (EEG)

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35
Q

how does an MRI scan work?

A

uses a powerful magnetic field to cause protons from hydrogen atoms in water molecules to align. radio waves then knock protons out of alignment. radio waves turned off. protons realign & emit radiation to receivers. signals used to produce a 3D cross-sectional image.

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36
Q

describe the advantage of using an MRI scan?

A

high resolution distinguishes tissues and provides more detail than ultrasound or CT scans

37
Q

how does an fMRI scan work?

A

-uses radio waves and a magnetic field to assess brain function thru the visualisation of blood flow in brain capillaries
- shows where most aerobic respiration occurs & changes in brain activity

38
Q

how does a PET scan work?

A
  • a radioactive isotope (e.g. carbon) with a short half-life is injected & used by the body to synthesise molecules
    -isotope decays & emits gamma radiation to a detector, active areas show higher radioactivity
39
Q

what is a CT scan??

A

a medical imaging technique that uses specialised X-ray equipment & computer software to create detailed images of internal organs

40
Q

how does an EEG scan work?

A

-electrodes attached to scalp detect electrical signals bet neurones
-records changes in the electrical activity of different regions of the brain

41
Q

neuroplasticity??

A

the ability of the brain to form new connections & pathways in response to environmental changes, disease or injury

42
Q

when does neuroplasticity occur?

A

neuroplasticity occurs thru out an organisms life

43
Q

what is developmental plasticity?

A

the formation of new connections & pathways in the brain during development as a result of environmental changes & sensory stimulation

44
Q

what stage of development is known as the critical period??

A

early childhood

45
Q

synaptic pruning??

A

the elimination of unused synapses in the brain during development

46
Q

when does mass ‘pruning back’ of synapses usually occur?

A

adolescence

47
Q

describe the importance of the critical period using language development as an example:

A
  • at around 7 months majority of babies produce speech-like sounds
    -obvious deficits in early vocalisations of congenitally deaf infants
    -evidence that children raised in a completely language deprived environment never learn more than basic communication
48
Q

define epigenetics:

A

the study of changes in gene expression that are not due to alterations in the nucleotide base sequence of DNA

49
Q

describe the link between epigenetics & mental illness:

A

altered gene expression in childhood (e.g. die to abuse) may increase the risk of an individual developing a mental illness or addiction later in life

50
Q

cortisol??

A

a steroid hormone prod by adrenal glands in resp to stress

51
Q

compare the average conc of cortisol in adults who experienced traumatic childhoods & those who did not:

A

adults who have experienced traumatic childhoods tend to have higher concs of cortisol

52
Q

describe the link bet cortisol conc & mental illness??

A

higher conc of cortisol, higher background stress levels, greater vulnerability to mental illness

53
Q

what type of mechanism controls the production of cortisol?

A

-ve feedback mechanism

54
Q

name the structure in teh brain thatr controls the prod of cortisol

A

hippocampus

55
Q

describe the process by which cortisol is secreted??

A

-hippocampus sends impulses to hypothalamus in response to stress
-hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin
-hormones stimulate pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotrophin into the blood
-adrenal glands take up hormone & secrete cortisol

56
Q

describe the -ve feedback mechanism by which overprod of cortisol is inhibited??

A

-cortisol binds to glucocorticoid receptors on the hippocampus
-hippocampus sends nerve impulses to the hypothalamus, inhibiting the secretion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone & arginine vasopressin
-this further prevetns release of cortisol

57
Q

why is -ve feedback system by which cortisol is prod imp??

A

it prevents chronic stress

58
Q

what is innate behaviour?

A

a behaviour that is inherent in an organism

58
Q

examples of innate behaviours:

A

-reflex
-kinesis
-taxis

59
Q

define reflex:

A

-rapid automatic response to a sensory stimulus by the body
-serves as a protective mechanism

60
Q

kinesis??

A

a non-directional movement response to a stimulus in which the whole organism moves faster and changes direction e.g. in response to a dry environment, woodlice move faster and change direction more often

61
Q

what is a taxis??

A

a directional movement response to a stimulus e.g. woodlice move away from a light source

62
Q

what is learned behaviour??

A

a permanent change in an organism’s behaviour as a result of experience

63
Q

habituation??

A

-type of learned behaviour
-repetition of a non-harmful/non-benficial stimulus desensitises an organism by reducing the release of neurotransmitter
- the organism no longer responds

64
Q

imprinting??

A

-type of learned behaviour that occurs during early development
-young animal attaches to first large moving object it sees/hears/smells/touches
-reinforced by rewards such as food, warmth & protection

65
Q

what are associative behaviours?

A

behaviours in which an organism associates a specific stimulus with a certain action of response

66
Q

2 types of associative behaviours??

A

-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning

67
Q

describe classical & operant conditioning

A

-classical conditioning: the association of natural stimulus with an artificial stimulus to induce the same response
-operant conditioning: the association of a behaviour with a reward or punishment

68
Q

latent learning??

A

a type of learning that occurs in the absence of external reinforcement e.g. learning info during the exploration of new surroundings

69
Q

insight learning??

A

a type of learning that occurs suddenly thru the understanding of relationships bet previously learned info

70
Q

describe imitation??

A

-form of learning in which an animal copies the behaviour of another animal
-enables knowledge & behavioural traits to be passed down from gen to gen

71
Q

example of imitation behaviour

A

some populations of chimps use sticks to crack nuts whereas other pops use stones

72
Q

what do social behaviours rely on?

A

communication bet animals

73
Q

what is a fixed action pattern?? (FAP)

A

an instinctive behavioural sequence in response to a sign stimulus

74
Q

example of a fixed action patterm??(FAP)

A

begging in gull chicks in response to sight of red spot on parents’ beak

75
Q

what does the response of an individual to a sign stimulus depend on??

A

its motivational state

76
Q

examples of organisms that live in colonies??

A

social insects such as bees, ants & termites

77
Q

what is a caste??

A

a grp of closely-related individuals within a social insect colony with a specific role e.g. finding food of defending the colony

78
Q

give some examples of castes in a honeybee colony??

A

-queen: single fertile female
-workers: thousands of sterile females
-drones: hundreds of fertile males

79
Q

how do individuals within a colony communicate?

A

-touch
-pheremones
-visual displays(dances)

80
Q

describe how worker bees communicate the position of a nectar source??

A

perform dances in the hive
-source less than 70m from hive, round dance, doesn’t indicate direction
-source more than 70m from hive, waggle dance indicates distance and direction

81
Q

what is a dominance hierarchy??

A

a type of social hierarchy in which higher ranking members dominate over lower ranking individuals

82
Q

what type of species do dominance hierarchies exist in??

A

vertebrates that can recognise one another and have rhe ability to learn, e.g. hens, red deer

83
Q

advantage of a dominance hierarchy??

A

-reduces individual aggression related to feeding, selecting mates and choosing breeding sites
-distribution of resources ensure that the fittest individuals survive

84
Q

courtship??

A

a set of innate behaviours exhibited by an animal to attract mates

85
Q

many species exhibit sexual dimorphism what does this mean??

A

there are differences in appearance bet 2 sexes of the same species

86
Q

sexual selection??

A

-mode of natural selection that arises thru the preference of one gender for particular characteristics in the other gender
-leads to more conspicuous characteristics

87
Q

decribe the 2 theories for the mechanism behind sexual selection??

A

-intra-sexual selection: females choose bet male mates
-inter-sexual selection: males compete for sexual access to females

Biology Unit 4 (6 decks)

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