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Biology Unit 4 > 4.1. Sexual reproduction in humans > Flashcards

4.1. Sexual reproduction in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

structures of the female reprod system

A

fallopian tube(oviduct)
vagina
ovary
cervix
uterus
endometrium

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2
Q

list parts of female reprod system & explain their function??

A

ovaries = produce egg cells in follicles
fallopian tubes = transports a egg cell from ovary to uterus
uterus = where embryo develops
cervix = separates uterus from vagina protects foetus
vagina = leads from cervix to outside body

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3
Q

structures of the male reprod system??

A

testis
scrotum
penis
urethra
epididymis
prostate gland
seminal vesicle
vas deferens

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4
Q

list parts of male reprod system & explain function??

A

testes= prod of sperm cells & testosterone
vas deferens = carry sperm from testes to urethra
prostate gland = secretes alkaline fluid to counteract vaginal acidity
urethra = allows excretion of urine & semen from the body
seminal vesicle = secretes fluid(pns& fructose) to nourish sperm
penis= penetrates vagina releases sperm
epididymis = stores sperm
scrotum = holds & maintains an optimum temp for testes

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5
Q

how does the human body prod gametes??

A

via gametogenesis

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6
Q

2 types of gametogenesis??

A

spermatogenesis
oogenesis

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7
Q

spermatogenesis??

A

gametogenesis in males that results in prod of spermatozoa

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8
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place??

A

seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

outline stages of spermatogenesis??

A

primordial germ cells -> spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids -> 4 spermatozoa

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10
Q

germinal epithelium??

A

a surface layer of cells surrounding the ovaries in females and testicles in males involved in gametogenesis

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11
Q

how do primary spermatocytes form??

A

-primordial germ cells divide by mitosis forming spermatogonia
-growth period of spermatogonia w/o further division forms primary spermatocytes

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12
Q

how are spermatids formed??

A

-primary spermatocytes divide in meiosis I to form haploid secondary spermatocytes
-secondary spermatocytes divide in meiosis II to form four haploid spermatids

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13
Q

how do spermatozoa form??

A

spermatids differentiate to gain flagellum, acrosome and many mitochondria

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14
Q

3 types of cells w/in the testes??

A

-spermatogonia
-sertoli cells
-interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

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15
Q

what are Leydig cells??

A

-cells located adjacent to seminiferous tubules in the testes that secrete testosterone
-also called interstitial cells of Leydig

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16
Q

what are sertoli cells??

A

cells located w/in seminiferous tubules in testes that prov nourishment and protection to cells prod during spermatogenesis

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17
Q

describe structure of a mature sperm cell:

A

-acrosome contain digestive enzymes which break down the zona pellucida of the egg
-flagellum for propulsion
-many mitochondria for energy

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18
Q

oogenesis??

A

gametogenesis in females resulting in prod of secondary oocytes

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19
Q

where does oogenesis take place??

A

ovaries

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20
Q

outline stages of oogenesis::

A

primordial germ cell -> oogonia -> primary oocyte -> secondary oocyte and polar body -> ootid and polar bodies -> ovum

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21
Q

how do primary oocytes form??

A

-primordial germline cells in ovaries and oviduct divide by mitosis forming oogonia
-growth period of oogonia w/o further division forms primary oocytes
-meiosis begins but pauses in prophase I until puberty

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22
Q

what happens during first meiotic division of oogenesis??

A

-primary oocyte divides in meiosis I to form secondary oocyte
-polar body buds off and sticks to oocyte

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23
Q

polar body??

A

a haploid cell prod during meiosis in females that does not have the ability to be fertilised

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24
Q

when is the second meiotic division of oogenesis completed??

A

meiosis II initiated but pauses at metaphase II unless fertilisation takes place

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25
Q

what happens during the second meiotic division?

A

secondary oocyte develops into a fertilised ovum and a second polar body

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26
Q

describe structure of a secondary oocyte:

A

-corona radiata -> outer layer of follicle cells
-zona pellucida -> coating above cytoplasm that prevents polyspermy and hardens when cortical granules release chemicals
-haploid nucleus - fertilisation restores diploid chromosome number

27
Q

outline the stages in the development of a follicle??

A

primary follicle -> secondary follicle -> Graafian follicle -> ovulation -> corpus luteum

28
Q

what is a primary follicle??

A

an immature ovarian follicle surrounded by 2 layers of follicular cells

29
Q

what is a secondary follicle??

A

a larger follicle that has developed from a primary follicle

30
Q

Graafian follicle??

A

a mature fluid-filled follicle in the ovary w/in which an egg cell develops

31
Q

corpus luteum??

A

a mass cells that forms from the graafian follicle after ovulation, serves as temporary endocrine structure during pregnancy, secreting progestogen

32
Q

sexual intercourse??

A

entry of the male reprod organ and deposition of sperm into the female tract

33
Q

explain what happens during fertilisation??

A
  1. spermatozoa move into fallopian tubes
  2. acrosome binds to zona pellucida and releases hydrolase enzymes that digest the zona pellucida
  3. membranes of sperm and secondary oocyte fuse allowing sperm nucleus to enter oocyte
  4. nuclei fuse forming diploid zygote
  5. cortical rctn causes zona pellucida to harden preventing polyspermy
34
Q

stages of early embryo development:

A

zygote -> blastocyst -> implantation

35
Q

how does a blastocyst form??

A

several mitotic divisions of a zygote (cleavage) prod a ball of undifferentiated cells, the blastocyst

36
Q

implantation??

A

the early stage of pregnancy in which the blastocyst adheres and sinks into the endometrium

37
Q

placenta??

A

a temporary organ attached to the lining of the uterus during pregnancy

38
Q

the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle??

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Oestrogen
Progesterone

39
Q

where is FSH secreted from??

A

anterior pituitary gland

40
Q

function of FSH in the menstrual cycle??

A

binds to the follicle cells stimulating them to mature and secrete oestrogen

41
Q

where is LH secreted from?

A

anterior pituitary gland

42
Q

function of LH in the menstrual cycle??

A

initiates ovulation & stimulates the development of the Graafian follicle into a corpus luteum

43
Q

function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle??

A

inhibits prod of FSH & causes a surge in LH prod

44
Q

what structure secretes progesterone in the menstrual cycle??

A

corpus luteum

45
Q

function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle??

A

cause the development of the endometrium and inhibits the prod of FSH & LH

46
Q

what happens if implantation does not occur during the menstrual cycle??

A

-corpus luteum degenerates due to decreasing FSH and LH levels
-progesterone levels decrease
-endometrium breaks down

47
Q

what is HCG??

A

-human chorionic gonadotropin
-hormone secreted by the developing embryo that maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy

48
Q

describe role of placenta during pregnancy:

A
  • exchange of gases & nutrients
    -barrier bet foetal & maternal blood
    -secretes progesterone & oestrogen
    -protects mothers immune system
    -protection from the diff bet maternal & foetal blood pressures
49
Q

what is the role of progesterone during pregnancy??

A

suppresses contractions of the uterine wall

50
Q

what is the role of oestrogen during pregnancy??

A

stimulates uterine growth & the development of the mammary glands

51
Q

how do the levels of progesterone & oestrogen change prior to birth??

A

-oestrogen levels increase
-progesterone levels decrease

52
Q

why do progesterone levels decrease just before birth??

A

allows the uterine wall to contract

53
Q

where is oxytocin secreted from??

A

posterior pituitary gland

54
Q

role of oxytocin??

A

triggers the contraction of the uterus wall

55
Q

what type of feedback is the secretion of oxytocin an example of??

A

+ve feedback

56
Q

where is prolactin secreted from??

A

anterior pituitary gland

57
Q

role of prolactin??

A

stimulates lactation during and after birth

58
Q

amniotic fluid??

A

the liquid surrounding the embryo in the amniotic sac

59
Q

describe the role of amniotic fluid during foetal development??

A

protects the foetus & acts as a shock absorber

60
Q

describe how the placenta is adapted for the exchange of substances bet maternal & foetal blood

A

-counter-current blood flow
-chorionic villi prov a large SA for exchange of prods
-foetal capillaries lie close to surface giving short diff dist
-abundance of maternal blood vessels

61
Q

intervillous spaces??

A

spaces bet the chrionic villi that contain maternal blood

62
Q

role of umbilical artery??

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the foetus to the placenta

63
Q

role of umbilical vein??

A

carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus

Biology Unit 4 (6 decks)

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