4A1 Classification of Organisms and Characteristics of the Kingdoms Flashcards
Describe how organisms are classified and named using binomial nomenclature. Compare structures, cellular organization, and energy acquisition in viruses, eubacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
1
Q
What is taxonomic classification?
A
Method of organizing different species of life on Earth.
Taxonomic classification uses ranked categories that become more specific until the last level of species is reached.
2
Q
Who is considered the father of taxonomic classification?
A
Carolus Linnaeus
Linnaeus created the basis for the taxonomic classification system used today in the 1700s.
3
Q
List the seven taxonomic levels of classification proposed by Linnaeus.
A
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Remember the mnemonic King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.
4
Q
What additional taxon is included in the modern taxonomic classification system above kingdom?
A
Domain
5
Q
What are the three domains in the classification system?
A
- Archaea - includes all archaea
- Bacteria - contains all eubacteria
- Eukarya - contains all plants, animals, fungi, and protists
6
Q
List the four kingdoms under the domain Eukarya.
A
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Fungi
- Protista
7
Q
Which phylum includes sea sponges and most sessile aquatic life?
A
Porifera
8
Q
Which phylum includes jellyfish and hydras?
A
Cnidaria
9
Q
What phylum are flatworms classified in?
A
Platyhelminthes
10
Q
Earthworms and related species fall under which phylum?
A
Annelida
11
Q
What phylum includes marine mollusks like octopuses, squids, bivalves, snails, and slugs?
A
Molluska
12
Q
Which phylum is the largest and includes all insects?
A
Arthropoda
13
Q
What phylum includes all organisms with a backbone?
A
Chordata
14
Q
What is the most specific taxon in the classification system?
A
Species
15
Q
What is used to identify organisms and includes the genus and species name?
A
Binomial nomenclature
16
Q
What are the taxa used today from most broad to most specific?
A
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
17
Q
What are the two domains of prokaryotic organisms?
A
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
18
Q
What is the genetic relationship of Archaea to the Eukarya domain?
A
Archaea are more closely related to the Eukarya domain rather than the bacteria domain.
19
Q
What is the size range of archaea?
A
About 1-10 microns.
20
Q
How do archaea reproduce?
A
Asexually, using binary fission.
21
Q
What is unique about the plasma membrane of archaea?
A
It can be a monolayer rather than a bilayer.
22
Q
What structures allow archaea to attach to surfaces?
A
- Pili
- Cannulae
Pili also allow for the transfer of genetic information among archaea.
23
Q
What structure creates movement in archaea cells?
A
A rigid round filament called a flagellum.
24
Q
How are archaea cells powered for movement?
A
By ATP.
25
How do **phototrophs** obtain energy?
Pull energy from the **sunlight**.
26
What is the process called when archaea break down simple chemicals like inorganic compounds for energy?
Chemosynthesis
27
Where can archaea be **found in abundance**, playing a huge role in nutrient cycling?
* Among living organisms
* Plankton
* Soils
* Bodies of water
28
What is the role of archaea in **plants**?
* Assisting with nutrient cycling.
* Supporting plant stress responses.
* Facilitating interactions between bacteria and the host organism.
29
What is the outcome of Methanogenic archaea **reducing carbon dioxide**?
Producing methane.
30
What is the domain of prokaryotic organisms that **bacteria** belong to?
Eubacteria
## Footnote
Bacteria first appeared on Earth 3 billion years ago.
31
Do bacteria have a **nucleus** or other membrane-bound organelles?
No
## Footnote
Genetic material is stored in the nucleoid.
32
What is the cellular wall of most bacteria made up of?
Peptidoglycans
33
What are the **three shapes** that bacteria can be found in?
* Rod-shaped
* Rounded
* Spiral-shaped
34
What structure allows for cellular **movement** in bacteria?
Flagellum
35
How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
36
What allows archaea to **thrive in harsh environments** like extreme temperatures, pH fluctuations, and elevated salinity levels?
A monolayer or more complex hydrocarbon tail in their cell membranes.
37
What is the **shape of the DNA** in archaea?
It is organized in a **single circular shape**.
38
Where can **archaea** be found?
Almost anywhere on the planet, including extreme environments with high temperatures, salinity levels, and pH levels.
## Footnote
They are also known as extremophiles.
Examples:
* Thermophiles thrive in hot places like deep-sea thermal vents or hot springs.
* Halophiles love salty environments like hypersaline lakes or oceans.
39
What are the characteristics of **protists**?
* Eukaryotic
* Mostly unicellular
* Mostly aquatic
40
How are protists classified?
* Animal-like
* Plant-like
* Fungus-like
## Footnote
Animal-like protists are heterotrophs, plant-like protists are autotrophs, and fungus-like protists are also heterotrophs.
41
What is **endosymbiosis** in protists?
The idea that **one cell engulfs** another cell.
42
What is the importance of **diatoms**?
They have glass-like cell walls and can be used in nanotechnology.
43
What is a unique characteristic of **euglena**?
They can be either **autotrophic or heterotrophic**, depending on availability.
44
What are some examples of protists?
* Diatoms
* Dinoflagellates
* Euglenas
45
What are the different modes of nutrition in **protists**?
* Animal-like protists ingest food.
* Plant-like protists perform photosynthesis.
* Fungus-like protists absorb food.
46
What are **fungi**?
* Decomposers that break down organic material and absorb nutrients.
* Reproduce by releasing spores.
* Obtain energy from other organic substances.
* Have cell walls made of chitin.
47
What are **plants**?
* Autotrophs that make their own energy.
* Use radiant energy to make their own food.
* Reproduce through seeds or spores.
* Have cell walls made of cellulose.
48
What is the evolutionary significance of fungi?
* They played a vital role in the evolution of plants by releasing nutrients into the soil.
* They fill an important ecological niche as decomposers.
49
What is **mycelium**?
A root-like network of fibrous threads called hyphae responsible for the absorption and transportation of nutrients in fungi.
50
When did angiosperms evolve?
140 million years ago
## Footnote
Angiosperms reproduce through seeds contained within a fruit. They also contain structures called flowers which house the plants' reproductive organs and aid in pollination.
51
What are the characteristics of **prokaryotes**?
Unicellular organisms that do not have membrane-bound organelles with DNA that is not contained within a nucleus.
52
How are plants classified?
* According to their ability to reproduce through spores or seeds.
* The presence of a vascular system.
* Whether they have flowers or not.
* Whether they have one seed leaf or two seed leaves.
53
What are the two categories of angiosperms?
* Monocots
* Dicots
54
What is the **main difference** between monocots and dicots?
* **Monocots** are one seed leaf plants.
* **Dicots** are two seed leaf plants.
55
What is the **main difference** between fungi and plants in terms of nutrition?
* **Fungi** are heterotrophs that gain nutrition from other sources.
* **Plants** are autotrophs that produce their own food.
56
What are the **eight characteristics** used to classify animals?
* Eukaryotic
* Multicellular
* Heterotrophic
* Have the ability to move
* Have body symmetry
* Have a body cavity
* Contain tissues
* Have a vertebral column
## Footnote
To be considered an animal, an organism must have all these characteristics.
57
What are the **five kingdoms of life**?
* Animalia
* Plantae
* Fungi
* Protista
* Monera
58
What are **invertebrates**?
Animals that **do not have a backbone**.
## Footnote
Examples:
* Jellyfish
* Butterflies
* Snails
* Starfish
* Sponges
59
What are the **three main traits** that formed during the evolution of invertebrates?
* Specialization
* Symmetry
* Cephalization
60
What is **cephalization**?
Formation of a **head** in organisms.
61
What are the **two types** of symmetry found in animals?
* Bilateral
* Radial
62
What are **vertebrates**?
Animals with a **backbone**.
## Footnote
Examples:
* Birds
* Mice
* Humans
* Snakes
* Whales
* Sharks
63
What domain contains organisms with **eukaryotic cells**?
Eukarya
64
What is a **virus**?
A small collection of genetic code made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) that is surrounded by a protein coat.
## Footnote
Viruses can only reproduce if they are housed within a host cell.
65
How do viruses **reproduce**?
Viruses are unable to reproduce without the help of host cells. When a virus enters the host cell, it releases its genetic information and utilizes the host cell ribosomes to manufacture proteins needed to copy itself.
66
What is a **virion**?
**An entire virus particle located outside of the host**, consisting of nucleic acids, capsomeres, capsids, and protomers.
67
What are the **components** of a virus?
* Nucleic acids (viral genome)
* Capsid
* Capsomeres
* Protomers
* Viral envelope
* Viral proteins
* Capsid proteins
68
What is the field that studies viruses?
Virology
## Footnote
The scientists that specialize in studying viruses are known as virologists.
69
What is the **main difference** between bacteria and viruses?
* **Bacteria** are living organisms.
* **Viruses** are nonliving particles.
70
What is the term for a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria?
Bacteriophage
71
Why are viruses considered **nonliving**?
Because they are not able to reproduce on their own and are metabolically inert.
72
What is the structure and shape of viruses?
A small collection of genetic coding with DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat; not the same as bacteria.
73
What is a **unicellular organism**?
An organism made of **one cell** that is capable of carrying out all life activities independently.
## Footnote
Can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Examples:
* Protists like Amoeba, Paramecium, and Euglena
* Bacteria
* Some fungi such as yeast
74
What are the **characteristics** of unicellular organisms?
* A single cell performs all activities of life.
* Unicellular organisms usually reproduce asexually.
* Found in all habitats.
* Possess whip-like structures for movement.
* Require protection achieved through diffusion.
75
What is diffusion used for in **unicellular organisms**?
The exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) and the removal of waste substances across the cell membrane.
76
What is the **structure** of a unicellular organism?
Consists of the cell membrane (plasma membrane) and cytoplasm containing macromolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
77
How do unicellular organisms reproduce **asexually**?
Through modes like binary fission, multiple fission, fragmentation, and budding.
78
What is a Multicellular Organism?
An organism made of many cells.
## Footnote
Such as plants, animals, or fungi.
79
What are multicellular **autotrophs**?
Organisms that **make their own food**.
## Footnote
Energy can be created through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Examples include plants in the kingdoms Plantae and Protista (grass, kelp, trees, and shrubs).
80
What are multicellular **heterotrophs**?
Organisms that must **eat to gain energy**.
## Footnote
Examples include:
* animals in the kingdom Animalia (birds, corals, fish, cheetahs, elephants)
* fungi in the kingdom Fungi
81
What are some **characteristics** of multicellular organisms?
* Made of many cells.
* Have specialized cells to divide functions.
* Have communication systems.
* Have systems for oxygen, nutrients, and waste transport.
* Made of eukaryotic cells.
* Visible to the naked eye.
* Size increases with cell number.
82
What are the three main kingdoms that are made of multicellular organisms?
* Kingdom Plantae
* Kingdom Fungi
* Kingdom Animalia
83
Which type of reproduction is used by **unicellular organisms**?
**Asexual** reproduction.
84
Which type of reproduction is utilized by **multicellular organisms** like flowers, people, and animals?
**Sexual** reproduction.
