4a- Volcanoes + Econ Dev Flashcards
Where is mount etna
Sicily an island south of Italy
What type of boundary is at mt etna
Destructive
African plate under Eurasian plate
What type of volcano is Mt Etna
Composite / Strato
How many people are within 10km of Mt Etna
3,200
Give reasons why people choose to live near Mt Etna
Fertile volcanic soils supports agriculture
Tourism
Perception of Danger = Etna not thought of as dangerous , considered to be more beneficial “Mother of Sicily” = seen as a symbol of italy + Italians are very proud /strong sense of community
Impacts of Mt Etna locally
Unusual Basaltic lava is less viscous and flows further = damages infrastructure such as Rifugio Sapienza Tourism centre in 2002
Clouds of ash onto surrounding area affecting Catania airport in 2002 = However only for 24 hours
Seismic activity can cause minor damage directly to infrastructures = costs money to repair
78 ppl died in past 100 years
Name 1 economic impact of Mt Etna Eruptions on Italy - National
Tourists scared away
Damage to infrastructure requiring repairs
Name 1 environmental impact on Italy of Mt Etna eruptions
6 million tonnes of Co2 released per eruption on average
Added with ash = Both reduce air quality and could cause respiratory problems
Name 1 political impact on Italy of Mt Etna eruptions
Closure of Catania airport and local airspace impacting international tourism and investment = however only for 24 hours after 2002 = limited impact
Tax breaks during 2002 eruption affecting development = already a AC
Name 1 attempt to mitigate against the event - Etna
18m high Earth barriers built to slow or divert lava flows
Large Concrete blocks dropped to slow lava and divert from populated areas such as Zafferana = only 78 deaths due to Mt Etna in last 100 years
= Mitigating against the event for volcanos is very limited and not rly possible for earthquakes
Name 1 attempt to mitigate against vulnerability at Mt Etna (make people safer)
Monitoring Volcano through tilt metres and Gas emissions = Information displayed on a Daily electronic bulletin to Volcano risk service and Public = VRS issue evacuations and alerts if needed
Name attempts to mitigate against losses of eruption at Mt Etna
Rapid response from well resourced public services (fire department) = reduce deaths
Italian government has sufficient resources to compensate business and restore infrastructure - GDP per capita £45,000
Tax breaks following 2002
Where is Mt Merapi
Java , One of Indonesias most populated islands
What type of plate boundary is at Mt Merapi
Destructive
Indo-Australian under Eurasian
What type of volcano is at Mt Merapi
Composite volcano
Highly active + explosive
How many people live within 10km of Merapi
180,000
give 2 reasons Why do people choose to live near Merapi
Fertile soils allows intensive farming on slopes and surrounding area leading to dense population
Geothermal potential
Emotional attachment = Indonesian Islands created by Volcanos
Impacts experienced as a result of Merapi Locally
Pyroclastic flows due to dome collapsing reaching 15km in 2010
Ash mix with Monsoon rains - >1800mm annual = Lahars
SO2 Emissions = Acid rain affecting soil for farming
Economic impacts on Indonesia of Merapi
Ash, lahars, pyroclastic flows destroy crops ,buildings and infrastructure = 30% pop employed in agriculture so significant impact
Death of Livestock
Environmental impacts on Indonesia of Merapi
Acid rain damages vegetation and Crops
Ash “Chokes” river channels = Lowering Oxygen levels in water killing aquatic life = serious impact on water quality as well as Indonesia is a EDC that uses river for water source
Political impact on Indonesia of Merapi
400,000 refugees to be accommodated
350 killed
Closure of Yogyakarta airport for 2 weeks
Attempt to mitigate against Hazard in Merapi
River channels cleared to contain Lahars and reduce Flooding in case of Heavy Rain
Attempt to mitigate against Vulnerability at Merapi
Settlement on Merapi’s highest slopes is forbidden and Financial incentives used in some cases to get people to relocate from Villages on Southern Slopes = formation of the crater that opened towards south makes it more dangerous here
Improvements to monitoring mean that 60 volcanoes are now monitored and hazards mapped = limited resources and low quality tech
Attempts to mitigate against losses at Merapi
Temporary shelters in safe zones are prepared in eruptions = can become permanent if necessary
Allowed to bring livestock into shelters to reduce losses
Emergency Services (Military) trained in search and rescue
= Local and National Governments have limited resources to respond = Poor farming communities have few resources to Aid recovery
How long was the airport in Yogyakarta Indonesia closed for after keratin eruption
2 weeks
How tall were the earth barriers built at Mt Etna to divert lava
18 metres
Which county experienced a 3x increase in migrants after Haiti earthquake
Brazil
What was destroyed in a 2002 Mt Etna eruption that furthered the decrease in tourists for Italy
Rifugio Sapienza Tourism Centre
Tonnes of Co2 released from Mt Etna Volcano per eruption
6 million
What did Italian Government do following 2002 eruption that would affect future development
Tax breaks during eruption
= limited impact as already a AC
GDP per capita Italy
£45,000
Indonesia GDP per capita
£12,000
Why are eruptions in Indonesia worst during Monsoon Wet Season
Ash mixes with rains = Lahars
= monsoon wet season is 6 months of the year
1800mm annually
Compare the types of Volcano , exploxity of Merapi vs Etna
Etna =
African under Eurasian ,
Destructive , average VEI 2
Unusual = Basic/Basaltic lava despite destructive boundary = due to movement of micro lighter Ionian plate Backwards
therefore lava is less viscous and can travel further but is less explosive
Merapi
Indo-Australian under Eurasian , Destructive , average VEI 4
Less frequent (every 10 years)but more explosive
How many people have died at Etna in last 100 years and how many did in eruption in 1180
78 ppl
15,000
shows that mitigation strategies do have an effect on impacts
