4a- Volcanoes + Econ Dev

Question 1

Where is mount etna

Answer 1

Sicily an island south of Italy

Question 2

What type of boundary is at mt etna

Answer 2

Destructive
African plate under Eurasian plate

Question 3

What type of volcano is Mt Etna

Answer 3

Composite / Strato

Question 4

How many people are within 10km of Mt Etna

Answer 4

3,200

Question 5

Give reasons why people choose to live near Mt Etna

Answer 5

Fertile volcanic soils supports agriculture

Tourism

Perception of Danger = Etna not thought of as dangerous , considered to be more beneficial “Mother of Sicily” = seen as a symbol of italy + Italians are very proud /strong sense of community

Question 6

Impacts of Mt Etna locally

Answer 6

Unusual Basaltic lava is less viscous and flows further = damages infrastructure such as Rifugio Sapienza Tourism centre in 2002

Clouds of ash onto surrounding area affecting Catania airport in 2002 = However only for 24 hours

Seismic activity can cause minor damage directly to infrastructures = costs money to repair

78 ppl died in past 100 years

Question 7

Name 1 economic impact of Mt Etna Eruptions on Italy - National

Answer 7

Tourists scared away

Damage to infrastructure requiring repairs

Question 8

Name 1 environmental impact on Italy of Mt Etna eruptions

Answer 8

6 million tonnes of Co2 released per eruption on average

Added with ash = Both reduce air quality and could cause respiratory problems

Question 9

Name 1 political impact on Italy of Mt Etna eruptions

Answer 9

Closure of Catania airport and local airspace impacting international tourism and investment = however only for 24 hours after 2002 = limited impact

Tax breaks during 2002 eruption affecting development = already a AC

Question 10

Name 1 attempt to mitigate against the event - Etna

Answer 10

18m high Earth barriers built to slow or divert lava flows

Large Concrete blocks dropped to slow lava and divert from populated areas such as Zafferana = only 78 deaths due to Mt Etna in last 100 years

= Mitigating against the event for volcanos is very limited and not rly possible for earthquakes

Question 11

Name 1 attempt to mitigate against vulnerability at Mt Etna (make people safer)

Answer 11

Monitoring Volcano through tilt metres and Gas emissions = Information displayed on a Daily electronic bulletin to Volcano risk service and Public = VRS issue evacuations and alerts if needed

Question 12

Name attempts to mitigate against losses of eruption at Mt Etna

Answer 12

Rapid response from well resourced public services (fire department) = reduce deaths

Italian government has sufficient resources to compensate business and restore infrastructure - GDP per capita £45,000

Tax breaks following 2002

Question 13

Where is Mt Merapi

Answer 13

Java , One of Indonesias most populated islands

Question 14

What type of plate boundary is at Mt Merapi

Answer 14

Destructive

Indo-Australian under Eurasian

Question 15

What type of volcano is at Mt Merapi

Answer 15

Composite volcano
Highly active + explosive

Question 16

How many people live within 10km of Merapi

Answer 16

180,000

Question 17

give 2 reasons Why do people choose to live near Merapi

Answer 17

Fertile soils allows intensive farming on slopes and surrounding area leading to dense population

Geothermal potential

Emotional attachment = Indonesian Islands created by Volcanos

Question 18

Impacts experienced as a result of Merapi Locally

Answer 18

Pyroclastic flows due to dome collapsing reaching 15km in 2010

Ash mix with Monsoon rains - >1800mm annual = Lahars

SO2 Emissions = Acid rain affecting soil for farming

Question 19

Economic impacts on Indonesia of Merapi

Answer 19

Ash, lahars, pyroclastic flows destroy crops ,buildings and infrastructure = 30% pop employed in agriculture so significant impact

Death of Livestock

Question 20

Environmental impacts on Indonesia of Merapi

Answer 20

Acid rain damages vegetation and Crops

Ash “Chokes” river channels = Lowering Oxygen levels in water killing aquatic life = serious impact on water quality as well as Indonesia is a EDC that uses river for water source

Question 21

Political impact on Indonesia of Merapi

Answer 21

400,000 refugees to be accommodated

350 killed

Closure of Yogyakarta airport for 2 weeks

Question 22

Attempt to mitigate against Hazard in Merapi

Answer 22

River channels cleared to contain Lahars and reduce Flooding in case of Heavy Rain

Question 23

Attempt to mitigate against Vulnerability at Merapi

Answer 23

Settlement on Merapi’s highest slopes is forbidden and Financial incentives used in some cases to get people to relocate from Villages on Southern Slopes = formation of the crater that opened towards south makes it more dangerous here

Improvements to monitoring mean that 60 volcanoes are now monitored and hazards mapped = limited resources and low quality tech

Question 24

Attempts to mitigate against losses at Merapi

Answer 24

Temporary shelters in safe zones are prepared in eruptions = can become permanent if necessary

Allowed to bring livestock into shelters to reduce losses

Emergency Services (Military) trained in search and rescue

= Local and National Governments have limited resources to respond = Poor farming communities have few resources to Aid recovery

Question 25

How long was the airport in Yogyakarta Indonesia closed for after keratin eruption

Answer 25

2 weeks

Question 26

How tall were the earth barriers built at Mt Etna to divert lava

Answer 26

18 metres

Question 27

Which county experienced a 3x increase in migrants after Haiti earthquake

Answer 27

Brazil

Question 28

What was destroyed in a 2002 Mt Etna eruption that furthered the decrease in tourists for Italy

Answer 28

Rifugio Sapienza Tourism Centre

Question 29

Tonnes of Co2 released from Mt Etna Volcano per eruption

Answer 29

6 million

Question 30

What did Italian Government do following 2002 eruption that would affect future development

Answer 30

Tax breaks during eruption
= limited impact as already a AC

Question 31

GDP per capita Italy

Answer 31

£45,000

Question 32

Indonesia GDP per capita

Answer 32

£12,000

Question 33

Why are eruptions in Indonesia worst during Monsoon Wet Season

Answer 33

Ash mixes with rains = Lahars
= monsoon wet season is 6 months of the year

1800mm annually

Question 34

Compare the types of Volcano , exploxity of Merapi vs Etna

Answer 34

Etna =
African under Eurasian ,
Destructive , average VEI 2
Unusual = Basic/Basaltic lava despite destructive boundary = due to movement of micro lighter Ionian plate Backwards
therefore lava is less viscous and can travel further but is less explosive

Merapi
Indo-Australian under Eurasian , Destructive , average VEI 4
Less frequent (every 10 years)but more explosive

Question 35

How many people have died at Etna in last 100 years and how many did in eruption in 1180

Answer 35

78 ppl

15,000

shows that mitigation strategies do have an effect on impacts