4A Regenerating Places Flashcards
What is rural-urban continuum?
The unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated, remote rural places to densely populated, intensively used urban places
What is place?
Geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities over time
Definition= Players (stakeholders)
Regeneration involves a range of players (locals, planners, developers) who attempt to modify places to make them more productive and attractive places to live, work and use for leisure
Definition= Regeneration
Long-term upgrading of existing places or more drastic renewal schemes for urban residential, retail, industrial and commercial areas, as well as rural areas
Definition= Rebranding
-Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using its new identity to attract new investors
-the marketing aspect of regeneration designed to attract businesses, residents and visitors. It often includes reimagine. Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using its new identity to attract new investors
Definition= Socio-economic
Relating to or concerned with the interaction of social and economic factors
Socio-economic inequalities:
-regional inequalities= incomes vary between areas
-variations in quality of life
-occupation and life expectancy
-income and health
-variations in educational achievement
Definition= Re-imaging
-How the image of a place is changed, how it is portrayed in the media
-making a place more attractive and desirable to invest and live in or visit
Definition= Gentrification
A change in social status, whereby former working-class inner-city areas become occupied and renewed by the middle class
Definition= Re-urbanisation
A flow of people back into cities to live (reversing decades of population decline)
Changes that have affected places in the UK:
- Globalisation (result of manufactured goods being produced more cheaply overseas)
- Employment change (more people are now in higher income jobs)
- Inward migration (growing economy and ageing population has led to a need for overseas workers)
Demographic structure:
May change by age, gender and socio- economic status
Definition= Characteristics
Physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another
Definition: Studentification
Students often cluster in certain areas of larger towns and cities. Their absence during most holidays and their sometimes antisocial behaviour when resident may cause conflicts. Government wants to regenerate these areas by capping the number of houses in multiple occupation
Definition: Sun-belt
Cities with a sunny and warm climate that have experienced rapid growth
Definition= Negative multiplier
A downward spiral or cycle, where economic conditions produce less spending and less incentive for businesses to invest (therefore reducing opportunities)
Definition= Functional change
Reasons why places have changed their function
Definition= Pre-industrial
Rural areas producing food coming together at a market town then developing administrative functions (banks,law,financial)
Definition= Industrial
Mechanisation reduced the need for agricultural labour. Workers relocated to city’s to get jobs in factories. Cities had a more commercial function (courts, headquarters of companies)
Definition= Post-industrial
Goods now transported globally, towns need to compete. They often seek a specialised function, such as retail, leisure.
Impacts on in-migration of place, example of demographic change:
- affluent people move into an area
- new money in the area leads to improvement in the place
- landlords will increase the price of rent
- people who lived there before are priced out
- the overall value of the area increases
How do we measure success? (Successful places)
-high levels of employment
-high output (GP)
-in-migration
-high quality of life
-low levels of deprivation
How do we measure success? (Unsuccessful places)
-low levels of employment
-low output (GDP)
-out-migration
-low quality of life
-high levels of deprivation
Measuring quality of life: (HDI)
-gross national income
-life expectancy
-literacy
How can we measure quality of life?
-HDI
-Health/where do we live/what do we do
-economic security
-job satisfaction
-work life balance
-education and training
-local and natural environment
-in Uk- ONS(neighbourhood statistics and IMD(Index of multiple deprivation)
Global Shift:
Relocating of global economic centre of gravity to Asia from Europe and North-America, over the last 30 years
Spiral of decline:
-Cycle of urban decline following deindustrialisation
-Industrial decline, deindustrialisation
-Companies move out, unemployment, less money circulating in local environment
Eg. Detroit
SUCCESSFUL PLACE:
Sydney
-self-sustaining
UNSUCCESSFUL PLACE:
Detroit
-multiplier effect,cumulative causation
-part of the rust belt
Reinventor cities:
Changed their economic base successfully by encouraging IT and digital media, have higher wages, graduate workers, new businesses
Replicator cities:
Replaced cotton mills with call centres and dock yards with distribution centres and are less sustainable. Tend to have a higher share of workers with low qualifications and working age population claiming benefits
Social Mobility:
People living in deprivation then go on to have a good quality of life later
Gated Communities:
A residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances and often characterised by a closed perimeter of walls and fences
Commuter villages:
A commuter town is a town whose residents normally work elsewhere, although they live, eat and sleep in the area, they will travel for employment
‘Experienced population growth and house price increases despite economic downturn due to access to cities
Sink estates:
A British council housing estate characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation
Declining rural settlements:
A decline in rural areas due to mechanisation of farming and subsequent lack of employment, and therefore out-migration
-services close
Urban renaissance:
The recent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities following a period of inner city urban decay and suburbanisation
Factors affecting levels of engagement
-age
-gender
-ethnicity
-levels of deprivation
-length of residence
Lived experience:
Can be interpreted widely and refers to peoples experiences of actually living in a place, such as a sense of community and availability of services
Engagement:
The extent to which residents engage in a communities activities
Infrastructure:
The basic physical systems of place:
-economic infrastructure includes highways and sewerage facilities, and telecommunications networks
-social infrastructure includes public housing, hospitals, schools and universities
-seen as key methods of maintaining economic growth
Advantages of fracking in the UK
-jobs
-security of gas supply
-energy bills
-emissions and climate action
-other environmental impacts
-public support
Disadvantages of Fracking in the UK
-air pollution
-water pollution
-waste disposal
-fracking induced earthquakes
-exposure to toxic chemicals
-methane pollution and impact on climate change
Primary sector
Producing food crops and raw material
Secondary sector
Manufacturing finished products
Tertiary sector
Providing services, either in the private sector or public and voluntary sectors
Quaternary sector
Providing specialist services in finance and law, or industries such as IT and biotechnology
(Knowledge economy)
Community-led regeneration
An approach which local community members to identify goals which are important to them an decide what to do about them
Fracking
The process of drilling down into horizontal layers of shale deep underground and then injecting a mix of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure into the shale to fracture it and release gas trapped n the rock, which can then be brought to the surface
Socio-economic Local interest groups
-addiction treatment centres
-youth and retirement groups
Environmental Local interest groups
-local conservation
-preservation societies
Local interest groups
They play varying roles in regeneration policies, often tensions between groups that wish to preserve places and those that seek change
Regeneration strategies:
-Use of infrastructure
-sustainable communities
-new settlements
-improved buildings
-use of technology- led enterprise
-use of sport, art and culture
-retail-led regeneration
-marketing heritage for tourism
-themed events (music festivals,markets)
Retail-led plans for regeneration
-national and local governments are heavily involved in retail planning
-local authorities decide on changes of use to buildings and can influence shop types and locations of malls, pedestrianised areas and alcoholic free zones
Tourism and leisure-led regeneration
Most areas do this regeneration, great diversity in types:
-informal individual households (b&B)
-custom-built private sectors (centre parcs)
-purpose built leisure complex
-whole settlements (seaside resorts)
Volatile industry depending on weather
Sport-led regeneration
-catalyst for long term regeneration
Public and private rural diversification
-half of all farms in the uk use some form of diversified activity in their farming businesses to boost income, dependent on location, land type and the entrepreneurial aspirations of induvidual farmers or landowners (national trust)
Types of diversification:
-agricultural based
-non- agricultural
-environmental schemes
Agricultural- based diversification
-producing and selling speciality cheeses; farming unusual animals; growing non-food crops; pharmeceutical crops etc
Non-agricultural diversification
-redundant farm buildings converted to offices, leisure centres, festivals etc
Environmental schemes diversification
-funded by RDP, such as natural England environmental stewardships, planting woodlands
Conflicts in communities about priorities for regeneration
-lack of political engagement & representation
-tensions. Between ethnic groups
-social inequality
-lack of economic opportunities
Assessing the need for regeneration
Environmental:
-derelict land
-lack of green spaces
Social:
-education &healthcare
-community facilities
Economic:
-unemployment
-property values
