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Pharmacology Test 4 > 48-49-Antibiotics II > Flashcards

48-49-Antibiotics II Flashcards

1
Q

Which penicillins are “very narrow spectrum”

What is special about these?

A

Methicillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
These are beta-lactamase resistant!

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2
Q

Which penicillins are “narrow spectrum”

A

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

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3
Q

Which penicillins are “broad spectrum”

A

Ampicillin

Amoxicillin

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4
Q

Which penicillins are “extended spectrum”

A

Piperacillin
Ticarcillin
Azlocillin

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5
Q

What is the beta-lactamase inhibiting drug?

A

Clavulanic acid

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6
Q

What are the 1st generation cephalosporins?

A

Cefazolin

Cephalexin

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7
Q

What are the 2nd generation cephalosporins?

A

Cefotetan
Cefaclor
Cefuroxime (enters CNS)

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8
Q

What are the 3rd generation cephalosporins?

A 
Ceftriaxone
Cefotaxime
Cefdinir
Cefixime
(most enter CNS)
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9
Q

What are the 4th generation cephalosporins?

A

Cefepime

beta lactamase resistant, enters CNS

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10
Q

Which cephalosporins are narrow versus broad spectrum?

A

Narrow are 1st generation getting broader until 4th generation is broad.

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11
Q

Monobactam compounds

name

A

Aztreonam
used to treat very serious infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis
beta-lactamase resistant

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12
Q

Carbapenem compounds (seize the carbapenems boys!)

A 
"diem"  carpe diem!
doripenem
imipenem (administered with cilastatin to prevent inactivation in the kidneys)
ertapenem
meropenem
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13
Q

Glycopeptide cell wall inhibitor
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)

A

Vancomycin (no CNS penetration)
binds to D-ala-D-ala pentapeptide and acts as an inhibitor.
Causes “red-man syndrome”

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14
Q

Polypeptide cell wall inhibitor
(name)
(mechanism)

A

Bacitracin

Blocks incorporation of amino acids into the cell wall

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15
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate cell wall inhibitor
(name)
(mechanism)
(use)

A

Fosfomycin
Blocks synthesis of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid
Used to treat uncomplicated UTI in women

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16
Q 
Lipopeptide that targets cell membrane
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)
(resistance)
A

Daptomycin
Calcium dependent insertion into membrane. Causes depolarization of bacterial membrane that is bactericidal.
musculoskeletal problems
Mutation in mprF causing increased positive charge of membrane repels Daptomycin

17
Q

Detergent targeting cell membrane
(name)
(mechanism)

A

Polymyxin B

binds to phospholipids in cell membrane and “punches holes” in it

18
Q

What are the antibiotic actions at the 30s ribosome that disrupt protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines prevent binding of charged tRNA molecule

Aminoglycosides disrupt initiation of peptide formation, causes misreading of mRNA, breaks up the ribosomal structure

19
Q

What are the antibiotic actions at the 50s ribosome that disrupt protein synthesis?

A

Chloramphenicol blocks peptide bond formation
Macrolides prevent translocation
linezolid binds to P site
clindamycin blocks initiation

20
Q

Aminoglycosides
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)

A

all end in “mycin or acin”
bind to 30s subunit and disrupts initiation, causes misreading, and breaks up ribosome
Nephrotoxic and Ototoxic

21
Q

Macrolides
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)

A 
macROlides all end in "ROmycin"
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
bind 50s subunit and prevent elongation
GI effects (motillin receptor agonist)
22
Q

Tetracylines
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)

A

all end in “cycline”
Tetracycline, Minocycline, Doxycycline, Tigecycline
bind 30s subunit and prevents amino acid addition
Nutrient interaction (binds calcium), disrupts normal flora, photosensitivity

23
Q

Clindamycin

subunit, adverse

A

binds 50s
GI effects
can cause C. difficile infection

24
Q

Chloramphenicol

subunit, adverse

A

binds 50s

RBC suppression, Gray Baby Syndrome

25
Q

Oxazolidinones
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)

A

Linezolid
binds P site of 50s inhibiting formation of ribosomal-fMet-tRNA complex
myelosuppression

26
Q 
Sulfonamides
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)
(resistance)
A

start with “sulfa”
block folate synthesis (and thus DNA synthesis) by binding PABA
skin (hypersensitive, photosensitive, steven-johnsons)
less sensitive drug target, increased PABA, scavenge folate

27
Q 
Trimethoprim drugs
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)
(resistance)
A

Trimethoprim and Pyrimethamine
inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase impairing DNA synthesis
blood issues
change in drug uptake or reduced binding

28
Q 
Fluoroquinolones
(name)
(mechanism)
(adverse)
(resistance)
A

all end in “floxacin”
inhibit topoisomerase II and IV
GI, Drug-nutrient (bind divalent like calcium), Cardio (QT prolongation)
less sensitive target and efflux

29
Q

Metronidazole
(mechanism)
(adverse)
(resistance)

A

damages DNA
GI and disulfiram-effect (avoid alcohol)
mutation in rdxA gene decreases drug activation

Pharmacology Test 4 (12 decks)

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