460-494. Patient with a facial incised wound

Question 1

Where is the corrugator supercilii located and what movements does it assist?

Answer 1

Located deep to eyebrows and orbicularis oculi (smaller than orbicularis oculi)
Active during frowning

Question 2

What are the names of the 3 nasal muscles?

Answer 2

Nasalis (flares nostrils), procerus (involed in frowning), depressor septi nasi (assists widening nares)

Question 3

What movements are the following muscles responsible for?

a) Risorius
b) Zygomaticus major and minor

Answer 3

a) Pulls corner of mouth laterally and upward

b) Raises corner of mouth and moves it laterally

Question 4

What movements are the following muscles responsible for?

a) Masseter
b) Temporalis
c) Medial pterygoid
d) Lateral pterygoid

Answer 4

All are muscles of mastication

a) Elevates mandible, closing mouth
b) Elevates mandible, and also retracts the mandible
c) Elevates mandible
d) Produces side to side movement of jaw

Question 5

What does the superficial temporalis artery branch from?

Answer 5

The maxilary branch of the external carotid artery

Question 6

What do the main veins of the face drain to?

Answer 6

The internal jugular vein

Question 7

How many ml of saliva is produced a day?

Answer 7

1500

Question 8

What are the functions of the salivary glands?

Answer 8

Facilitate swallowing
Aids in speech
Contains alpha-amylase -> initiates digestion
Contains IgA
Contains lysozyme -> acts on the cell walls of certain bacteria to cause cell death

Question 9

What branch of the facial nerve (while in the facial canal) gives parasympathetic innervation to the mucous and lacrimal glands?

Answer 9

Greater petrosal nerve

Question 10

What branch of the facial nerve (while in the facial canal) gives special sense innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

Answer 10

Chorda tympani (which also gives parasympathetic innervation to submandibular and sublingual glands)

Question 11

Where does the facial nerve exit the facial canal?

Answer 11

Stylomastoid foramen (and then passes into the parotid gland)

Question 12

Is paralysis of the facial nerve more marked in LMN lesions or UPN lesions?

Answer 12

Lower motor neuron lesions

Question 13

What are the two main frameworks aiming to reduce violence in Scotland?

Answer 13

Medics Against Violence

Violence Reduction Unit

Question 14

What is the basis of the 4 step approach to reduce violence?

Answer 14

1. Define the problem - magnitude, scope, characteristics, consequences
2. Establish why violence occurs - causes, factors which increase or decrease likelihood
3. Find out what works to prevent violence - design, implement and evaluate interventions
4. Implement effective and promising interventions

Question 15

What are the 4 main types of violence?

Answer 15

Physical
Sexual
Psychological
Deprivation

Question 16

What are the 4 areas of the framework which identify the mixture of factors which could lead to violence? (Innermost to outer)

Answer 16

Individual
Relationships
Community
Societal