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Politics Paper 3 > 4.5 Race and Rights in contemporary US politics > Flashcards

4.5 Race and Rights in contemporary US politics Flashcards

1
Q

race and rights in contemporary US politics

projections into the future show by the mid 21st century, minorities will make up how much of the US population?

A
  • more than half
  • 2042: 50.1%
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2
Q

race and rights in contemporary US politics

why has it been harder to trace hispanic/latino rights advancements

A
  • because they dont have such a cause like African Americans do and their fight has bveen defined by debates over immigration and citizenship
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3
Q

race and rights in contemporary US politics

2020

A

Geroge Floyd and BLM global protests

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4
Q

race and rights in contemporary US politics

2022

A

Emmett Till Antilynching Act signed into law

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5
Q

race and rights in contemporary US politics

2003

G v B case

A
  • Grutter v. Bollinger allows for continued use of affirmative action
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6
Q

methods of achieving change

main methods used for achieving change

A

mass protesting and supreme court cases.

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7
Q

methods of achieving change: legal action

full name for BAMN

A
  • the coalition to Defend Affirmative action, integration and immigration rights, and fight for equality BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY
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8
Q

methods of achieving change: legal action

BAMN 2014

why did they bring a case

A
  • brought a case challenging a ban on affirmative action in Michigan
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9
Q

methods of achieving change: legal action

Cases on affirmative action: Fisher v University of Texas 2013 and 2016

A

ruled in favour of affirmative action for univesity admissions

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10
Q

methods of achieving change: legal action

amicus curiae briefs: Trump v Hawaii 2018

who did the court accept amicus curiae breifs from?

A
  • more than 60 briefs regarding the ‘travel ban’ on sevral countries into the US
  • including briefs from the NAACP and Khizr Khan, the father of a muslim US army captin who had been kiled in action in IRaq
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11
Q

methods of achieving change: mass demonstrations and direct action

how do they achieve change?

A

by showing the weight of public opinion
- in democracy, they encourage politicians to listen in order to gain votes.
- smaller scale, this is achieved by raising the media profile of a movement

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12
Q

methods of achieving change: mass demonstrations and direct action

1963 March on Washington

A
  • ensured 1964 CRA and the 1965 VRA passed

+ famous ‘i have a dream’ speech

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13
Q

methods of achieving change: mass demonstrations and direct action

method still being used today: BLM

A
  • protests after the murder of young African American men at the hands of the police
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14
Q

methods of achieving change: mass demonstrations and direct action

methods still being used today: hispanic/latino?

A
  • led protests against Trumps executive order seperating families
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15
Q

methods of achieving change: mass demonstrations and direct action

methods still being used today: 2017 Womens march?

A
  • drew 200,000 people to washington DC to protest after the inaugeration of Trump
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16
Q

methods of achieving change: mass demonstrations and direct action

direct action: difference and success

A
  • smaller scale than mass movements, but still been successful
  • Eg. Rosa Parks Montgomery bus protest
  • Eg. interruptions in the senate committee room during Kavanaugh’s hearing
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17
Q

methods of achieving change: mass demonstrations and direct action

groups fighting for equality and formal methods: National Council of La Raza and Obama?

A
  • (now UnidosUS) dubbed Obama ‘deporter in chief’ at its annual conference in 2014 after Obama’s mass deportations of more than 2m people.
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18
Q

George Floyd protests

movement

A
  • protest against police brutality towards African Americans
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19
Q

George Floyd protests

what were the actual protests?

By June?

A
  • peaceful, riots, arson
  • by June, nearly 14,000 arrests had been reported and 27 states had activated the national guard
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20
Q

George Floyd protests

police sentances + results of the protest in congress and harvard study

A
  • police sentenced between 3.5-22.5 years in prison for murder.
  • this led to the banning of chokeholds, and bipartisan police reform bills in Congress, including one named after Floyd
  • harvard study 2020 found that African Americans still 3.23 times more likely to be killed by police than white americans
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21
Q

media and social media

twitter and involvement in movements

A
  • notable movements such as #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo
  • it has also aided the organisation of mass protests such as the 2017 Womens march
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22
Q

affirmative action

when does the phrase affirmative action first appear

A

in JFKs executive order 10925
- ‘take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, colour, or national origin’

23
Q

affirmative action

what is affirmative action

A
  • allows for disadvantaged groups to be given advantages to try to create a more equal society.
24
Q

affirmative action

scrutiny of affirmative action: Chief justice Roberts in 2007 quote

A

‘the way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race

25
# affirmative action *schuette v coalition to defend affirmative action* **2014** | michigan + affirmative action ## Footnote ruling
- the ban on affirmatve action in the michigan state constitution was not unconstitutional
26
# affirmative action *schuette v coalition to defend affirmative action* **2014** | impact
- limited immediate impact - reversed a lower courts decision and upheld Michigan state constitution's ban - challenged affirmative acton as a policy
27
# affirmative action *Fisher v University of Texas* **2013** AND **2016** | ruling of both -
- **2013**: while race could be a consideration for admissions, a court would need to confirm this was 'necessary' (also known as 'strict scrutiny') - **2016**: the university of texas admissions policy met the requirements of 'strict scrutiny'
28
# affirmative action *Fisher v University of Texas* **2013** and **2016** | impact of both
- **2013**: upheld **2003** *Grutter v Bollinger* which allowed race as a factor in university admissions. - **2016**: upheld the use of affirmative action for admissiions. Kennedy cited an amicus curiae brief, showing how important they can be
29
# immigration reform acts that Obama refused to pass | D + GoE
- DREAM Act - Gang of Eight's (4 dems 4 repubs) Border Security, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Modernization Act **2013** which would have given undocumented immigrants a pathway to citizenship
30
# immigration reform DACA and DAPA
- **DACA** (2012): allowed illegal immigrants who met certain criteria to remain in the USA without deportation - **DAPA**(2014): key aspects were struck down Trump tried to repeal DACA in **2017**, while Bidens executive order in **2021** strengthened it
31
# immigration reform Trump and immigration reform | wall, **2018**
- been criticised for failing to build a wall and increase border security funding - **2018** state of the union address saw extensive talks about immigration reform, planning to give undocumented immigratns a path to citizenship along more conservative policies restricting family-based immigration
32
# immigration reform *Arizona v. US* **2012** | ruling
- court struck down key aspects of Airzona's SB 1070 law. - this included the provision that immigrants must carry registration documents because it conflicted with federal law
33
# immigration reform *Arizona v US* **2012** | impact
- clash of state vs federal power - opportunities for state action over the iissue of immigration were limited
34
# immigration reform *Texas v. US* **2016**
- court split 4-4 - ruling of the lower court stood - struck down Obamas DACA
35
# immigration reform *Texas v US* **2016** | impact
- obama had little success achieving immigration reform through Congress
36
# immigration reform *Trump v Hawaii* **2018** | ruling
- Trumps 'travel ban' was not unconstitutional
37
# Immigration reform *Trump v Hawaii* **2018** | impact
- immigration activists had hoped this might curb presidential power believing it violated the 1st amendment - liberal justices on the court argued this was religously motivated
38
# equality: SUCCESS DACA
- executive order allowed some undocumented immigrants to be free from the threat of deportation
39
# Equality: SUCCESS supreme court cases upholding affirmative action
*fisher v texas* *grutter v bollinger*
40
# Equality: SUCCESS election of ethnic minorities (big examples)
- election of obama, VP harris and justice jackson as well as increasing numbers of minorities represented in congress shows an increasing diversity in government in the USA
41
# Equality: SUCCESS growing hispanic/latino population+ implications
- focus on growing hispanic/latino population, including projections that it will makeup around 25% of the US population by **2045** has increased attention to minority issues
42
# Equality: SUCCESS ethnic voting turnout
- increased over the past 2 decades despite a slught drop more recently
43
# Equality: FAILURE presidents and immigration reform
- failure to get any meaningful immigration reform legislation apssed despite bipartisan support in the senate
44
# Equality: FAILURE segregation in housing: G.W. Bush **2005**
- accused of racism in **2005** due to his slow response to hurrican katrina, which affected mostly the minority population of New Orleans
45
# Equality: FAILURE BLM
- demosntrates the inequality still felt in the USA today, evidenced by the death of George Floyd, Brianna Taylor, and many others killed at the hands of the police
46
# Equality: FAILURE state ban on affirmative action court case
- *Schuette v Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action* **2014** upheld Michigan states ban on affirmative action - the number of minority ethnic people attending college has fallen as a result
47
# Equality: FAILURE wealth
wealth gap continues to grow between white and minority ethnic households
48
# representation increasing representation: presidential ballots
- **2008, 2016, 2020, 2024** saw female candidates on the presidential ballot - Obama was the first African American president of the USA - harris was the first woman of colour to hold the vice presidency and to run for president - jackson was the first african american woman nominated to the US supreme court
49
# representation *Shelby County v. Holder* **2014** | ruling
- struck down aspects of the voting rights act 1965 which had requierd areas with historic racist records gain federal cleareance before changing their electoral practices.
50
# representation *Shelby County v. Holder* **2014** | impact?
- some changed their voting regulations - North Carolina made it a requirement to bring photo ID
51
# represnetation *Husted v. Randolph institute* **2018** | ruling
- allowed Ohio to continue their 'voter caging' practice - if someone has not voted for a while, they are sent a notice through the mail, if this is returned undelivered and the voter does not vote in the next 2 federal elections, they are struck from the voting register
52
# representation *Husted v. Randolph institute* **2018** | impact
- In the **2018** midterms, people turned out to vote to find they were struck from the voting register - affects more minority voters than white voters
53
# representation *Brnovich v. DNC* **2021** | ruling
- Arizona's laws on ballot collect and banning out-of-precict voting didn't violate the voting rights act and were not racially discriminatory
54
# representation *Brnovich v. DNC* **2021** | impact
- president of the NAACP called it a *'frontal attack on democracy'* - saying it would lead to more states enacting voting restrictions that would *'disproportionately impact voters of colour'*

Politics Paper 3 (23 decks)

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