Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

chemistry > 4.5 - organic i > Flashcards

4.5 - organic i Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens as the boiling points of the fractions increase?

A
  1. the fractions get darker in colour
  2. the fractions get more viscous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what’s the use for refinery gases?

A

fuel for home cooking & home heating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what’s the use for gasoline?

A

fuel for cars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

use for kerosene?

A

fuel for aircraft & industrial heating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

use for diesel?

A

fuel for trains, trucks, some cars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

use for fuel oil?

A

fuel for ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

use for bitumen?

A

making roads/roofs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

list the fractions in order of BP from low —> high

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

list the fractions in order of molecular mass, from low —> high

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

list the fractions in order of colour from light —> dark

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list the fractions in order of viscosity from low —> high

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define crude oil or something idk just info about crude oil

A

crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons; the different hydrocarbons in crude oil come in huge variety of shapes & sizes

this results in crude oil boiling over very large range of temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

each fraction of crude oil is a mixture of….

A

similar hydrocarbons with similar BPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the process of fractional distillation

A
  1. heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  2. vapours rise until they reach their BP, when they condense
  3. diff. vapours condense at diff. heights due to their diff. BPs
  4. similar vapours condense together as a fraction due to similar BPs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

definition of alkanes?

A

alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons that fit the general formula CnH2n+2

they’re made of simple molecules containing C & H atoms held together by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the name of CH4?

A

methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the name of C2H6?

A

ethane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what’s the name of C3H8?

A

propane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what’s the name of C4H10?

A

butane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what’s the name of C5H12?

A

pentane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what’s the formula for methane?

A

CH4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

formula for ethane?

A

C2H6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

formula for propane?

A

C3H8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

formula for butane?

A

C4H10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

formula for pentane?

A

C5H12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does structural formula do/look like?

A

this shows the structure of the molecule in one line, read from left to right like a word:

CH3CH2CH2CH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the term homologous series mean?

A

that they are a family of molecules which have:
- similar chemical reactions
- trends in physical properties (e.g. BPs, viscosity, colour)
- the same general formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

definition of isomers?

A

isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

most alkanes are used as _____ because they _______ _ ___ __ ______ when _________

A

most alkanes are used as fuels because they release a lot of energy when combusted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when does complete combustion occur, and whats the word equation for it?

A
  • when there’s excess oxygen
  • alkane + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur, and what are the products?

A
  • when there’s not enough oxygen
  • mixture of CO (toxic gas which bins to haemoglobin & prevents oxygen transport in the blood) & soot (C) which causes lung diseases

it also releases less energy, so it makes the alkane less useful as a fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the three significant pollutants which the combustion of alkanes as fuel release into the atmosphere?

A
  • CO2
  • nitrogen oxides (NOx)
  • SO2
33
Q

what does carbon dioxide do and how is it formed in the combustion of alkanes as fuel?

A
  • is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in atmosphere & causes climate change
  • forms directly from combustion of the alkane fuel
34
Q

what do nitrogen oxides do and how are they formed in the combustion of alkanes as fuel?

A
  • dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain, which corrodes structures & is harmful to plant & aquatic life
  • form when nitrogen from air combusts. usually doesn’t combust but car engines are extremely hot
35
Q

what does sulphur dioxide do and how is it formed in the combustion of alkanes as fuel?

A
  • like NOx, also dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain
  • forms when sulphur impurities in fuel combust
36
Q

alkanes react with halogens by ________ one ________ atom for one _______ atom

A

alkanes react with halogens by swapping one hydrogen atom for one halogen atom

37
Q

what happens when ethane reacts with bromine?

A

substitution reaction:
one H in ethane swaps with one Br in bromine, and so you end up with

C2H6 + Br2 —> C2H5Br + HBr

(this reaction would work with any alkane and any halogen)

38
Q

true or false: substitution reactions cannot work with any alkane and any halogen

A

false - all that happens is a hydrogen swaps with a halogen

39
Q

what condition does a substitution reaction require?

A

UV light, because it provides energy (the alkane is quite unreactive)

40
Q

what does cracking do?

A

it breaks down longer alkanes into smaller, more useful ones

41
Q

what conditions does cracking need?

A

temp = 650°C, and a catalyst of aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
—> can be conducted without catalyst but far more energy would need to be provided

42
Q

what is the general equation for cracking?

A

long alkane —> shorter alkane + alkene

43
Q

anything is possible with cracking, as long as it makes an ______ and an ______, & the numbers of _ and _ atoms ___ __

A

anything is possible with cracking, as long as it makes an alkane and an alkene, & the numbers of C and H atoms add up

44
Q

definition of an alkene?

A

alkenes are a homologous group of hydrocarbons that fit the general formula CnH2n

45
Q

what is the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A

alkanes = no C=C double bond in carbon chain —> saturated

alkenes = has C=C double bond in carbon chain —> unsaturated

46
Q

what’s the name of C2H4?

A

ethene

47
Q

what’s the name of C3H6?

A

propene

48
Q

what’s the name of C4H8?

A

butene

49
Q

what’s the name of C5H10?

A

pentene

50
Q

molecular formula for ethene?

A

C2H4

51
Q

molecular formula for propene?

A

C3H6

52
Q

molecular formula for butene?

A

C4H8

53
Q

molecular formula for pentene?

A

C5H10

54
Q

how is the double bond sometimes shown in a structural formula?

A

with a ‘=‘ e.g. butene is written as
CH2=CHCH2CH3

55
Q

what are the two ways that isomers for alkenes can differ?

A
  1. branching of carbon chain
  2. position of the C=C in carbon chain
56
Q

what do saturated/unsaturated mean?

A

saturated = no C=C double bond (alkanes)

unsaturated = yes C=C double bond (alkenes)

57
Q

true or false: alkenes can also combust completely & incompletely in oxygen to release energy

A

true

58
Q

what happens when alkenes react with bromine?

A

the C=C double bond is broken and the bromine atoms are added in
e.g.:

   H   H                               H    H
   |    |                                |    | H - C = C - H  + Br —>    H - C - C - H
                                            |     |
                                           Br   Br

or C2H4 + Br2 —> C2H4Br2

  • it’s an addition reaction
  • happens without UV light (alkanes more reactive than alkenes)
  • works w pure Br liquid or Br water (orange)
  • orange —> colourless (Br used up in reaction)
59
Q

what type of reaction is it when alkenes react with bromine?

A

addition reaction

60
Q

true or false: the reaction between alkenes and bromine requires UV light

A

false - alkenes more reactive than alkanes, so don’t need extra energy

61
Q

what liquids does the reaction between alkenes and bromine work with?

A

either pure bromine liquid or bromine water (which is orange)

62
Q

what’s the colour change in the reaction with alkenes and bromine?

A

orange —> colourless (Br used up in reaction)

63
Q

what’s the reaction between alkenes and bromine used to test for?

A

used as a test for the C=C in unsaturated compounds:
- stays orange = no C=C (saturated)
- turns colourless = yes C=C (unsaturated)

64
Q

when does an addition polymer form/what is it?

A

an addition polymer forms when molecules with a C=C double bond add into chains

65
Q

what are the small molecules that add together called? (addition polymers)

A

monomers

66
Q

what’s the long chain that monomers form when added together called?

A

a polymer

67
Q

how do the names of addition polymers work?

A

by putting ‘poly’ in front of the monomer name, e.g. polymer formed by ethene would be poly(ethene)

68
Q

what does polyethene look like as a monomer and repeating unit?

A

monomer:
H H
| |
C=C
| |
H H

repeating unit:
H H
| |
—(— C - C —)—
| | n
H H

69
Q

what does polypropene look like as a monomer and a repeating unit?

A

monomer:
CH3 H
| |
C = C
| |
H H

repeating unit:
CH3 H
| |
—(— C - C —)—
| | n
H H

70
Q

what does poly(chloroethene) look like as a monomer & repeating unit?

A

monomer:
Cl H
| |
C=C
| |
H H

repeating unit:
Cl H
| |
—(— C - C —)—
| | n
H H

71
Q

what does poly(tetrafluroethene) look like as a monomer and repeating unit?

A

monomer:
F F
| |
C=C
| |
F F

repeating unit:
F F
| |
—(— C - C —)—
| | n
F F

72
Q

what are the uses for polyethene?

A
  • drinks bottles
  • shopping bags
73
Q

what are the uses for polypropene?

A
  • storage boxes
  • climbing ropes
74
Q

what are the uses for poly(chloroethene)?

A
  • wire insulation
  • drainpipes
75
Q

what is the use for poly(tetrafluoroethene)?

A

non-stick coating

76
Q

why is it difficult to dispose of addition polymers?

A
  • they’re inert: chemically very unreactive
  • this means that they don’t break down easily
77
Q

what are the ways to dispose of addition polymers?

A
  1. reuse it
  2. recycle it
  3. incinerate it; use energy released to generate electricity
  4. put it into landfill
78
Q

what are the complete combustion product formulae for alkanes and alkenes?

A

CO2 + H2O

79
Q

what are the incomplete combustion product formulae for alkanes & alkenes?

A

mixture: C, CO, CO2, H2O

chemistry (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions