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Chemistry > 4.5 Organic 1 > Flashcards

4.5 Organic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

A compound made up of only hydrogen and Carbon only

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3
Q

what is the name of the process use to separate pure water from sea water

A

Simple Distillation

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4
Q

Identify the method used to separate the dyes in a food colouring

A

Chromatography

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5
Q

Identify the method use to obtain ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water

A

Fractional Distillation

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6
Q

Name the process used to separate potassium Nitrate from potassium nitrate solution

A

Crystallisation

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7
Q

what is each fraction of crude oil

A

A mixture of similar Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

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8
Q

Name the 6 Fractions in crude oil

A

Refinery
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen

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9
Q

what is the use of each Fraction

A

Refinery- Cooking
Gasoline- Cars
Kerosene- Aircraft
Diesel- Trains
Fuel oil- Ships
Bitumen- Roads

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10
Q

what happens as you go down the fraction list

A

the boiling point increases
Molecular mass increases
The colour gets darker down the list
Viscosity (thickness) increases down the list

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11
Q

How does Fractional Distillation Work

A
  1. Heated Crude oil vapours enter the column
  2. Vapours rise until they reach their boiling point, when they condense.
  3. Different Vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  4. Similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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12
Q

What are fractions

A

Are mixtures containing the hydrocarbons that boil in a particular temperature range.

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13
Q

what are Alkanes

A

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that fit the general formula CnH2n+2

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14
Q

what is the general formula for Alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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15
Q

what bonds join the c and H atoms

A

covalent bonds

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16
Q

what does the name of each alkane show

A

the start shows how many carbon atoms it has

The end of the names is ane- which shows it is an alkane

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17
Q

what is the molecular formula for Methane

A

CH4

18
Q

what is the molecular formula for Ethane

A

C2H6

19
Q

What is the molecular formula for Propane

A

C3H8

20
Q

what is the Molecular formula for Butane

A

C4H10

21
Q

What is the molecular formula for pentane

A

C5H12

22
Q

alkanes are what

A

Homologous series

23
Q

Because alkanes are homologous series what does this mean

A

Similar chemical reactions

trends in physical properties (boiling points, viscosity, colour)

The same general formula

24
Q

What is the definition of Isomers

A

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

25
Q

what are two types of combustion alkanes have

A

complete and incomplete

26
Q

what causes the outcome of the combustion

A

the oxygen available

27
Q

explain complete combustion

A

This occurs when there is excess oxygen

it produces co2, H20

28
Q

what is the equation for alkane complete combustion

A

Alkane + oxygen—–> Carbon dioxide + water

29
Q

explain incomplete combustion

A

This occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen

instead of producing c02 this produces a nasty mixture of
- carbon monoxide
- soot (c)

releases less energy so it makes the alkane less useful.

30
Q

what are the two toxic gases incomplete combustion releases and what is the negative effect of them.

A

carbon monoxide- a Toxic gas which lowers oxygen- carrying capacity in blood (irreversible)

soot- which causes lung disease

31
Q

what are the three pollutants alkanes combustion releases into the atmosphere

A

Carbon dioxide (co2)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

32
Q

what is the effect of carbon dioxide pollutants

A

this forms directly from the combustion of the alkane fuel

it is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and causes climate change

33
Q

what is the effect of Nitrogen oxide pollutants

A

family of compounds from when nitrogen from air combust

nitrogen doesn’t combust but car engines are really, really hot

the nitrogen compounds dissolve in rain water to form acid rain

34
Q

what is the effect of acid rain

A

corrodes structures and is harmful to plant and aquatic , soil erosion

35
Q

what is the effect of Sulphur dioxide pollutants

A

like nitrogen it dissolves in rain water causing acid rain.

36
Q

what happens with alkanes when they react with halogens

A
  • substitution
  • reaction requires UV light
37
Q

why is the reaction called substitution

A

because the H swaps with the Halogen

38
Q

why does a halogen and alkane reaction require UV light

A

Because the alkane is pretty unreactive

39
Q

what is cracking

A

racking breaks down longer alkanes into smaller, more useful ones

  • crude oil contains longer alkanes
  • shorter alkanes are more useful
40
Q

what the conditions needed for Cracking

A

Temperature 650c
catalyst- aluminium oxide (Al2 O3)

41
Q

Are alkanes Saturated or unsaturated

A

Saturated because they don’t have c=c double bonds

42
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated as they have a C=C Double bond

Chemistry (12 decks)

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