4.5 Hormones in human reproduction and contraception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

the monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries

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2
Q

At puberty what sort of hormones begin to be produced?

A

sex hormones

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3
Q

Which hormone is produced in women in at puberty?

A

oestrogen is produced in the ovaries

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4
Q

Which hormone is produced in men in at puberty?

A

testosterone is produced in the testes

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5
Q

Oestrogen is involved in which cycle?

A

menstrual cycle

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6
Q

Testosterone causes which cell to be produced by the testes?

A

sperm

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7
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days

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8
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

uterus lining builds up again (day 4-14)

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9
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

an egg develops and is released at day 14

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10
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

the uterus lining is maintained from day 14 to day 28

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11
Q

What is the release of an egg from the ovaries called?

A

ovulation

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12
Q

What happens after day 28 o the menstrual cycle if not egg is fertilised

A

stage 1 - uterus lining breaks down and comes out of the body (period)

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13
Q

FSH has two jobs, what are they?

A
  • causes an egg to mature (in a follicle) in one of the ovaries
  • causes the ovaries to produce oestrogen
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14
Q

Oestrogen has three jobs, what are they?

A
  • causes the lining of the uterus to grow
  • stimulates (causes) the release of LH from the pituitary gland
  • inhibits (stops) production of FSH from the pituitary gland
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15
Q

LH has one jobs, what is it?

A
  • stimulates (causes) the release of an egg form the ovary at day 14
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16
Q

Progesterone has two jobs, what are they?

A
  • maintains the ulerus lining for the 2nd half of the cycle

- inhibits (stops) FSH and LH production

17
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

pituitary gland

18
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

pituitary gland

19
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries

20
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after egg release

21
Q

How is pregnancy prevented if a man and woman have sex?

A

contraception

22
Q

Why is oestrogen used in contraceptive methods?

A

it inhibits FHS so no eggs develop

23
Q

Why is progesterone used in contraceptive methods?

A

it causes a thick mucus to prevent sperm reaching the egg

24
Q

What sort of contraceptive is the combined contraceptive pill (with oestrogen and progesterone)?

A

Oral contraceptive

25
Q

How effective is the pill as a contraceptive?

A

99%

26
Q

What are the side effects of using the pill?

A

Headaches and nausea

27
Q

Does the oral combined contraceptive pill protect against STI’s?

A

No

28
Q

Why might some women take the progesterone only pill?

A

it has fewer side effects

29
Q

Other than the pill, what other forms of contraception use hormones?

A
  • contraceptive patch (oestrogen and progesterone), lasts 1 week
  • implant (progesterone only), lasts 3 years
  • injection (progesterone only), lasts 2-3 months
  • intrauterine device (IUD) inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent the egg from implanting
30
Q

What are the two types of IUD?

A
  • plastic - release progesterone

- copper - kill sperm

31
Q

What form of barrier methods can be used as contraception?

A

male or female condoms

32
Q

Do condoms prevent STI transmission during sex?

A

Yes

33
Q

Where does a contraceptive diaphragm need to be positioned?

A

over the cervix (entrance to uterus)

34
Q

What substance must be used with a diaphragm, or can be used on its own to kill sperm?

A

spermicide

35
Q

How effective is using spermicide along as a contraceptive?

A

only 70-80%

36
Q

What are the more ‘drastic’ methods of avoiding pregnancy?

A
  • sterilisation (cutting or tieong the fallopian tubes or sperm ducts).
  • Natural methods which involve timing when sex occurs with when it is unlikely there will be an egg (not very successful).
  • abstinence (no sex)