4.4 Isomerism and Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

What are Positional Isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but have the functional group on a different position in the molecule.

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2
Q

What are Functional Group Isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different functional groups.

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3
Q

Name the three different types of Structural Isomers:

A
  • Chain Isomers
  • Positional Isomers
  • Functional Group Isomers
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4
Q

What are Stereoisomers?

A

Molecules that have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

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5
Q

Name the two different types of Stereoisomers:

A
  • E/Z Isomers

- Optical Isomers

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6
Q

What is the cause of E/Z isomerism?

A

Restricted rotation around the C=C Double bond

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7
Q

What name is given to a carbon atom that is bonded to four different atoms, or groups?

A

Chiral or asymmetric carbon

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8
Q

What is a Chiral/Asymmetric Carbon?

A

A carbon atom that is bonded to four different atoms, or groups.

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9
Q

When do Optical Isomers occur?

A

When a molecule contains a Chiral/Asymmetric carbon atom

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10
Q

Define Optical Isomers:

A

Molecules that contain a chiral/asymmetric carbon and exist as non super-imposable mirror images.

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11
Q

What is the name for two optical isomers?

A

A pair of enantiomers

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12
Q

How do you distinguish between two enantiomers?

A

They have opposite rotation of plane polarised light

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13
Q

What is a racemate or racemic mixture?

A

A mixture containing equal amounts of each enantiomers

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14
Q

Why are racemates/racemic mixtures not optically active?

A

Because the effects cancel each other out because there is an equal amount of each enantiomer

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15
Q

Why is it important to test the effects of both enantiomers of an optically active drug during drug trials?

A

Because in some optical isomers, one enantiomer is an effective drug, whilst the other may have toxic or harmful side effects e.g. Thalidomide

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16
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Nitriles

A

R - C (Triple Bond) H

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17
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Amines

A

R - N - H
|
H

18
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Esters

A

O
||
R - C - O - R

19
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Amide

A
O
       ||
R - C - N - H
              |
             H
20
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Acyl Chloride

A

O
||
R - C - Cl

21
Q

What are Chain Isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula, but a different arrangement of carbon atoms.

22
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Acid Anhydride

A

O O
|| ||
R - C - O - C - R

23
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Arenes

A

C6H5R

24
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Alcohols

A

R - O - H

25
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Aldehydes

A

R = O
|
H

26
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Ketones

A

O
||
R - C - R

27
Q

What is the functional group for the homologous series: Carboxylic Acids

A

O
||
R - C - O - H

28
Q

What is the prefix for the homologous series: Amines

A

Amino-

29
Q

What is the prefix for the homologous series: Alcohols

A

Hydroxy-

30
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Nitriles

A

-Nitrile

31
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Amines

A

-amine

32
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Esters

A

-oate

33
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Amide

A

-amide

34
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Acyl Chloride

A

-oyl Chloride

35
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Acid Anhydride

A

-ic Anhydride

36
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Arenes

A

-benzene

37
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Alcohols

A

-ol

38
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Aldehydes

A

-al

39
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Ketones

A

-one

40
Q

What is the suffix for the homologous series: Carboxylic Acids

A

-oic Acid