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Population > 4.3 Resource Relations > Flashcards

4.3 Resource Relations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of food shortages in Asia?

A
  • floods in North Korea, china, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
  • war in Iraq
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2
Q

What are the causes of food shortages in Africa?

A
  • in Uganda, Somalia, and Kenya civil war causes political instability + little focus on food
  • multiple years of drought in Swaziland and Lesotho
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3
Q

What causes food shortages in Latin America?

A
  • flooding in Bolivia, Ecuador and Nicaragua
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4
Q

What causes food shortages in Europe?

A
  • drought + limited access to resources in Moldova
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5
Q

What are the environmental causes of food shortages?

A
  • natural disasters - floods, droughts, disease and pests destroy crops + livestock
  • e.g. locusts in Kenya
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6
Q

What are the economic causes of food shortages?

A
  • poor farming practices - overgrazing causing soil exhaustion + excessive focus on producing food for export
  • poor storage, distribution and transport - e.g. inefficiencies in transport of milk in Kenya leading to spills, leaks and loss of
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7
Q

Political causes of food shortages?

A
  • war + conflict
  • e.g. low investment in farming as funds focused on military in Sudan and South Sudan
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8
Q

Social/demographic causes of food shortages?

A
  • high BR - area will exceed carrying capacity
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9
Q

Why are the impacts of causes of food shortages felt more intensely in LICs?

A
  • inadequate food stocks to cover the emergencies so food supply is affected
  • HICs are not immune to physical cause of food problems but they have the Human Resources to cope so food shortages generally don’t occur
  • e.g. Australia suffers from droughts but has the financial capability to import food
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10
Q

Consequences of malnutrition?

A
  • people are less resistant to diseases and are more likely to fall ill
  • people who are deficient in essential nutrients cannot fill their physical or economic potential
  • malnutrition reduces peoples capability to work on the land, so the land is not properly tended
  • endless cycle of ill health + low LE, low productivity leads to low food production, increasing prices
  • this leads to underdevelopment
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11
Q

Environmental consequences of food shortages?

A
  • deforestation - increased need for cultivated land
  • land degradation
  • soil erosion
  • loss of ecosystem
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12
Q

Political consequences of food shortages?

A
  • people hungry - social unrest
  • food riots
  • could lead to civil war
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13
Q

Environmental causes of food shortages in Kenya?

A
  • vulnerable to climate shocks - unpredictable rainfall and recurring droughts contribute to the disruption of crops which 95% of are rain fed
  • swarms of locusts damage the crops
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14
Q

Economic causes of food shortages in Kenya?

A
  • inefficiencies in food system with poor networks needed to produce and transport food to ensure it reaches the consumer
  • most farmers without basic agricultural inputs or updated technology + lack adequate financial or extension services
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15
Q

Social/demographic causes of food shortages in Kenya?

A
  • rapid population growth - 2.9% per year
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16
Q

Social/demographic consequences of food shortages in Kenya?

A
  • malnutrition high, 29% of children in rural areas and 20% in cities suffer
  • significant vitamin + mineral deficiencies
17
Q

Economic consequences of food shortages in Kenya?

A
  • inefficiencies in food system lead to high prices
18
Q

What were the problems with the distribution of milk in Kenya?

A
  • milk often spills or goes bad due to inefficient transportation equipment
  • without access to the right storage for their milk, smallholder dairy farmers lose up to 30% of their product + the income they could’ve made from it
19
Q

What was the solution to the milk problem in Kenya?

A
  • 2020 - a new custom chilling technology - MaziwaPlus - ensures the safe transportation of fresh milk from smallholder dairy farmers to markets
  • the devices can store 100 to 800 litres of milk at the ideal temperate of 4-5°C while in transit - reducing energy costs for dairy aggregators by approx. 30%
  • savanna circuit also developed an app which businesses make payments to and communicate with farmers - farmers can also use it to manage loans making it easier for them to access financing from local credit organisations such as banks
20
Q

What is agricultural technology?

A
  • technology involves developing machinery that will speed up cultivation or extend the farmed area
  • it could also involved ICT to control processing + storage, the use of chemicals, new hybrid breeds of plants + animals
  • the use of more effective refrigerated transport
  • crop spraying from the air
  • hydroponics + vertical farming
21
Q

What is innovation?

A
  • new ideas/approaches to increase farming efficiency which may or may not require technology
  • innovation involves transferring techniques from other areas/cultures, new crops/animals, use of waste or by products from animals or crops (organic + sustainable), more efficient processing + packing
22
Q

What was the green revolution?

A
  • a package of improvements to answer the food problem in many LICs and MICs
  • application of science + technology to create high-yielding varieties of many food staples (mainly grains) -> to get more food out of the same area of land - increasing productivity of land
23
Q

Examples of innovations by the green revolution?

A
  • adoption of new, improved varieties of grains -> 1966 India was on of the first countries to benefit from a high yielding seed program
  • 5 cereals: wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, and millet -> drought resistant, shorter growing season, very responsive to fertiliser
  • application of better farming techniques -> irrigation, mechanisation, use of fertiliser, use of pesticides
24
Q

Advantages of the green revolution?

A
  • yields are 2-4 times greater than - India 1950: 500 yield, 2000: 2500 yield
  • shortens growing season
  • farming incomes have increased
  • diets of rural communities varies
  • local infrastructure has been upgraded
  • employment has been created for industries which supply farms with supplies + machinery
25
Q

Disadvantages of the Green Revolution

A
  • high amounts of fertilisers and pesticides are needed to optimise production -> both economically and environmentally costly
  • new varieties require more weed control + are more susceptible to pests + disease
  • middle + higher income farmers have benefited more than low income farmers - thus widening the income gap in rural communities + increasing rural to urban migration
  • 1992 UN report found that counties whose food uptake had risen, diseases associated with vitamin + mineral deficiencies had increased -> crops have replaced common produce so many people in these counties have low levels of zinc, iron and vitamin A
  • mechanisation of increased rural unemployment
  • some new varieties have inferior taste
26
Q

What is overpopulation?

A

The number of people living in an area is greater than the resources available to support that population

27
Q

What is under population?

A

The number of people in an area is less than is needed to make full use of the resources available

28
Q

Optimum population

A

The ideal number of people for the environment and resources

29
Q

What are the problems with under population?

A
  • shortage of workers
  • low level of production
  • resources underused
  • high taxes
  • lack of government spending
30
Q

Problems with overpopulation?

A
  • unemployment
  • low levels of development - low GDP/capita, poor quality housing, food shortages
  • overuse of resources
  • govt. can’t afford to invest in services
31
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

maximum population size that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water and other necessities available in the environment

32
Q

Why is carrying capacity relevant to the world today?

A
  • population increase
  • growing impact on resources + the environment
  • famines/wars/natural disasters/ climate change
33
Q

How do ‘pessimists’ view the balance between population growth + resources?

A
  • Thomas Malthus argued that population increases faster than the support food resources - can’t keep pace
  • he believed the population resource balance is maintained by checks - famine, drought, natural restraint
  • supported by modern day ‘club of Rome’ 1972 - believed developments in technology as well as population growth has caused environmental degradation + resource depletion
34
Q

Are countries in east Africa having a neo-Malthusian crisis?

A
  • climate crisis - 5 consecutive years of drought, as well as flash floods in Somalia
  • more than 500,000 children under the age of 5 are severely malnourished in Somalia
  • ongoing conflict, political instability, soaring food prices due to war in Ukraine - causing food insecurity
35
Q

What was ester boserup’s theory?

A
  • emphasised the positive aspects of a large population
  • suggested the more people there are, the more hands there are to work
  • as population increases, more pressure is placed on the agricultural system -> stimulates invention, technology to improve crop strains + increase yield
36
Q

Evidence to back up Boserup’s theory?

A
  • green revolution (which started in India) developed technology which created high yielding variants of crops
  • Maziwa+ in Kenya
37
Q

To what extent do you believe carrying capacity can be increased in today’s modern world?

A
  • carrying capacity is a fixed (Malthus) - population can exceed carrying capacity leading to malnutrition, famine, starvation - still an issue in LICs —> however, there are other factors responsible for food insecurity - political instability, poor
  • carrying capacity is not fixed - there is evidence of effective technological advances which have expanded the carrying capacity of a country
  • However, it is influenced by other factors - natural disasters, war, trade barriers
  • innovation in agriculture can increase carrying capacity but their is a limit - technology can only improve the capability of an area to increase food production up to a point when declining marginal return set in - land degradation etc.

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