Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology: Module 4 > 4.3:Evolution + Classification > Flashcards

4.3:Evolution + Classification Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four purposes of classification?

A
  • Identify new species
  • Study evolutionary relationships
  • Understand shared traits and adapadations
  • Share research globally to identify links with organisms on other continents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the linnaean classification?

A
  • (Domain)
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, eubacteria, eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the features of the domain bacteria?

A
  • Contains the kingdom eubacteria only, found in all environments
  • Prokaryotic unicellular organisms
  • Distinct cell membrane lipids
  • Have peptidoglycan in cell wall
  • Unique RNA polymerase enzyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of the domain archea?

A
  • Contains the kingdom archea only, typically found in extreme environments
  • Prokaryotic unicellular organisms
  • Have histones so gene and protein synthesis is more similar to eukarya then bacteria
  • No peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • Different cell membranes that contain fatty acids bound to glycerol by ether linkages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the features of the domain eukarya?

A
  • Contains four kingdoms from the five kingdom system: Animalia, plantea, fungi, prototicsta
  • All have nuclei and membrane bound organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Prokaryota
Fungi
Plantea
Anamalia
Protista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is autotrophic?

A

Gain nutrients by doing photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is heterotrophic

A

Gain nutrients by digesting and absorbing food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is saprophytic?

A

Feeding on decaying matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are reasons for classification?

A
  • Identify species
  • Predict characteristics of certain organisms we have
  • Find evolutionary links
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a phylogeny tree?

A

Is used to show evolutionary links

  • Shows evolutionary timeline
  • Continuous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a disadvantage of early classification?

A

Relied on only visible features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is evidence for evolution?

A

Paleontology
Comparative anatomy
Comparative biochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is paleontology and how can we use it as evidence for evolution?

Problems as well

A

Study of fossils

  • Compare them to see if there are any similarities or differences
  • Simple life forms evolved into more complex ones
  • Find how closely related organisms might be based on similarities/differences in their structure
    Problem:
  • Incomplete fossil record
17
Q

What is comparative biochemistry and how do we use it as evidence for evolution?

A

There is a protein called cytochrome c which is involved in respiration
They sequence the cytochrome C and amino acid sequence from different organisms and look at any similarities or differences

  • Organisms that are closely related would have very similar or the same amino acid sequence
18
Q

What are the types of variation?

A
  • Interspecific - Variation between species
  • Intraspecific - Variation within species
  • Continuous - Numerical (height), use line graph
  • Discontinuous - categoric data (eye colour), use bar chart
19
Q

What are causes of variation?

A

Genetics:

  • Alleles - dominant, recessive
  • Mutations
  • Meiosis - Crossing over (P1), independent assortment (Homologous chromosomes/Bivalent) (M1) + (Chromatids (M2)
  • Random fertilisation

Environment

20
Q

What are the three different types of adaptations?

A

Behavioural:

  • Activities and responses, whether inherited or learned

Anatomical:

  • Physical structures, both internal and external

Physicological:

  • Internal biological functions
21
Q

What are four examples of anatomical adaptations?

A
  • Body coverings - fur, feathers, scales protect organisms and support their survival
  • Camouflage - organisms with colouration that blends into their environment are less likely to be detected
  • Mimicry - some species imitate the appearance of more dangerous ones for protection
  • Teeth - the shape of an animal’s teeth are adapted to its diet
22
Q

What are three examples of behavioural adaptations?

A
  • Defensive responses - for example, opossums play dead and rabbits freeze to avoid detection by predation
  • Courtship - for example, male scorpions dance to attract mates
  • Seasonal actions - migration helps access resources year - round and hibernation helps bears conserve energy when food is scarce
23
Q

What are three examples of physiological adaptations?

A
  • Venom - used by snakes to immobilise prey and by planys to deter herbivores
  • Antibodies - produced by bacteria to outcompete rival species
  • Water storage - desert grass can survive for a year without water source by storing water in their bodies
24
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Two species have evolved from the same common ancestor

25
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Two species share similar adaptations in the same habitat but have different evolutionary origin

26
Q

How can anatomical adaptations provide evidence for evolution?

A

Homologous structure - appear different on the outside but have a similar underlying structure

Evidence for divergent evolution

Analogous structure - similar appearances and function but have different underlying structure and different origin

Evidence for convergent evolution

27
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

Environmental factors that affect their survival and reproduction

28
Q

What are three selection pressures?

A

Predation
Competition for resources
Disease

29
Q

What is the proccess of natural selection?

A
  1. There is variation in characteristics within a species
  2. More genetic variation emerges within a population due to random mutations
  3. Individuals with alleles that code for traits that are advantageous for survival are more likely to reproduce
  4. These advantageous alleles are passed down to offspring
  5. Over time, these beneficial alleles became more common in the population
30
Q

How do pest resistant insects come about?

A
  1. Some insects develop random mutations that provide resistance to antibodies
  2. When antibiotics are used, only the resistant bacteria survive, while the others die off
  3. The resistant bacteria reproduce, passing on resistant alleles to their offspring
  4. Over time, the production of resistant alleles increase, leading to mostly resistant bacteria
31
Q

What is a student’s t test?

A

Statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the mean values of a particular variable across two populations

32
Q

What are the conditions of a t test?

A
  • Data must be continuous and normally distributed
  • The variances of the population be equal
  • The samples must be independent of each other
33
Q

What is spearman’s rank correlation coefficient?

A

Measure the strength and direction of association between two continuous variables that are not normally distributed

Biology: Module 4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions