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Biology: Module 4 > 4.2: Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2: Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity

A

A measure of how varied an ecosystem is.
It can be measured in terms of genes, species or habitats

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2
Q

What is habitat biodiversity?

A

A measure of how many different habitats are present in an area

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3
Q

What is species diversity?

A

A measure of how many different species are present in an area, and how many different individuals of these species are there

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4
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

A measure of how many variations there are in the genetic code between individuals of a particular species or between different species

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5
Q

What is species?

A

A group of organisms that sharrer common morphological, physiological and behavioural characteristics. Can interbreed. Produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

What is species richness?

A

A measure of how many different species are present

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7
Q

What is species eveness?

A

A measure of how the different populations compare within a particular ecosystem

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determine the order of monomers in a polypeptide chain or nucleic acid molecule which a cell may synthesise.

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9
Q

What is a polymorphic gene?

A

Said to be polymorphic if more than one allele occupies that gene’ locus in a population

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10
Q

What is gene locus?

A

Specific physical location of a gene or other DNA sequence on a chromosome, like a genetic street addrress

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11
Q

How is genetic biodiversity measured?

A

Polymorphism:
proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci/total number of loci
The greater rumber of polymorphic gene loci, the greater the genetic biodiversity

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12
Q

Why do we use sampling?

A

We use it when measuring the biodiversity of a habitat. This is to get a representative estimate of the population

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13
Q

How do you ensure that your sample is representative?

A
  • Take a large sample - you can calculate a mean statistical test to see if there are any differences or correlations you see are significant
  • Randomly - to avoid bias
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14
Q

How do we carry out random sampling?

A
  1. Lay out two tape measures at right angles to each other to create a gridded area
  2. Use a random sample generator to generate two numbers to serve coordinates on the grid
  3. Place your quadrat at the coordinates and record the data
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15
Q

What are types of non random sampling?

A

Opportunistic
Stratified
Systematic

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16
Q

What is the opportunistic sampling method?

A

Unlikey to result in a sample that accurately represents the population
* Involves sampling organisms which are convinently available and therefore involves bias

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17
Q

What is the stratified sampling method?

A
  • Some populations or habitats can be seperated into groups to sample from or strata
  • You would then take random smpales within each group (strata)
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18
Q

What is the systematic sampling method?

A

Involves identifying different areas within a habitat to sample
It is used when there is a change in the districution of species within the habitat and you want to investigate the impact of this change on biodiversity.
Often involves a belt transect
- This is when you would place a single tape measure along the sample area and at regular set distances along the tape measure you would place your quadrat and record the data

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19
Q

What are quadrats?

A

Used to sample plants and slow moving organisms
* A point frame is a horizontal bar with holes along it at set intervals that long pins are placed through
* The pin is pushed through to touch the ground and any species touching the pin is recorded

20
Q

What are the three types of methods used to record species present with a quadrat?

A
  1. Density
  2. Frequency
  3. Percentage cover
21
Q

Density (method used to record when using a quadrat)

A

This is when you count the individuals

22
Q

Frequency (method used to record when using a quadrat)

A

This is a very quick methid and requires a gridded fram with 1000 squares
* You would count how many squares out of the 100, the species you are investigating are present
* If the plant species was present in 25 squares your frequecny would be 25%

23
Q

Percentage cover (method used to record when using a quadrat)

A

Estimate the percentage of the entire quadrat with the species being investigated
The method is quick but subjective and therefore results in lower accuracy
The method can be improved by standardising how the % is estimated

  • E.g Using a quadrat with 100 squares + counting 1% for every small square that is at least half covered with the plant
24
Q

What are the sampling techniques for animals?

A
  • Sweeping nets
  • Pitfall traps
  • Pooters
  • Tullgren funnel
  • Kick sampling
25
Q

What are sweeping nets used for?

A

These are nets that can be used to capture insects with long grass

26
Q

How/what are pitfall traps used for?

A
  • A hole is dug in the ground and a pot is placed within it
  • Small invertabrates may crawl into the trap & will be unable to crawl out
  • A roof like structure is placed on top to prevent the trap from filling with rainwater
  • Investigaters will return daily to collect results and release animals
27
Q

How/What are pooters used for?

A

These are used to capture very small insects.
* Two tubes are connected to a closed pot
* The investigator sucks on one tube and places the other tube over the insect
* This created suction and draws the insect into the pot

28
Q

How/What is tullgren funnel used for?

A

This is used to extract small organisms from within soil samples

  • The soil sample is dried using a heat lamp
  • This causes the animals to move in the opposite direction, downwards, where a collecting dish is placed
29
Q

How/What is kick sampling used for?

A

This is used to sample organisms within river beds.
* One investigator will gently kick to the river bed to disturb the earth and the organisms within it
* A second investigator stands behind them with a net to capture any organisms that are released

30
Q

How do you measure:
* Species richness
* Species eveness

A

Sampling methods can be used and you would record the number of different species present (species richness)
To measure species eveness, for each species identified, you would also have to record the nimber of individuals present

31
Q

What are the factors affecting biodiversity?

A
  • Human population
  • Agriculture
  • Climate change
32
Q

How does human population affect biodiversity?

A
  • Population increasing at an exponential rate
  • Increased need for space for housing, farming and industry (requiring deforestation)
33
Q

How does agriculture affect biodiversity?

A
  • Increasing agriculture to feed everyone
  • Clearing land for agriculture results in the destruction of habitats
  • Chemical pesticides or fertilisers may be added to the land and monocultures may be grown
  • All of this reduces the number of habitats and range of food sources
34
Q

How does climate change affect biodiversity?

A
  • The increase in global temperature is melting polar ice caps and therefore destroying habitats
  • It is also resulting in sea levels rising which reduces biodiversity due to flooding
  • The higher global temperature and lower rainfall mean some plants and animals are unable to survive
  • Xerophytes are becoming the dominant species in some areas with these plants outcompeteing others as they can survive harsher abiotic conditions
35
Q

What are the three reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Ecological
  • Economic
  • Aesthetic
36
Q

What is the reasons for maintaining biodiversity?
* Ecological
* Economic
* Aesthetic

A

Ecological: Biodiversity increases the stability of ecosystems
Economic: A range of organisms contribute to medicine, ecotourism, science and technology
Aesthetic: Humans take pleasure in the visual effects of biodiversity

37
Q

What is conservation?

A

Active management of ecosystem by humans once destroyed/concern arises

38
Q

What is preservation?

A

Management of ecosystem without the involvement of humans to prevent it from being destroyed by humans

39
Q

What are conservations in situ?

A

Conservation happens within habitat
Advantages:
* Genetic diversity is maintained as individuals are not bred captively
* Putting measures in place to prevent the extinction of one species will have a positive impact on others all others species that depend on it as all organisms are interdependent
Examples:
* Marine conservation zones are ares designated for wildlife to recover and repopulate - areas where fishing and tourism arent allowed
* Wildlife parks - same but on land

40
Q

What is conservation ex situ?

A

Involves removing organisms from their natural habitat to try and protect them, and its usually used in addition to in situ measures
Examples:
Botanical parks, seed banks, captive breeding

41
Q

Why are botanical parks helpful?

A

A wide range of plant species can be grown in botanical gardens, providing them with optimal conditions for growth

42
Q

Why are seed banks helpful?

A

They are like a store of genetic material.
Seeds of a variety of plant species are stored in water and temperature controlled environments to keep them viable for longer
They are stored as a backup for potential plant species that may go extinct

42
Q

Why is captive breeding helpful?

A

Involves reproducing animals in zoos or aquariums
The aims is to increase the number of endangered species, and these individuals can then be reintroduced into the wild

43
Q

What is CITES?

A

The convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna
* Parties of the convention meet to update and set targets
* Ensure that international trade on specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species
* International
* 1975

43
Q

What is RCBD?

A

Rio convention on biological diversity

  • Conservation of biological diversity
  • Sustainable use of its components
  • The agreement covers all ecosystems, species and genetic resources
  • International
  • 1992
43
Q

What is CSS?

A

The countryside stewardship scheme (now environemental stewardship scheme)
* England
* 1991
* 3 aims - beauty, restoration of habitat and public access

44
Q

What is simple index of diversity?
D = 1- [Σ(n/N)^2]

A

n = total number of organisms of a particular species
N = the total number of organisms of all species

Biology: Module 4 (3 decks)

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