4.3 - Classification and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A
  • For convenience for more manageable study of organisms
  • To make it easier to identify organisms
  • To help see relationships between organisms
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2
Q

List the 8 taxonomic groups:

A
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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3
Q

Variation shown by organisms in each taxonomical group

A

Variation decreases going down taxonomic groups.

Down from Domain to Species

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4
Q

How closely are species related in taxonomic groups?

A

Relation increases down the taxonomic groups

Increases down form domain to species

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5
Q

Why do classification systems change over time?

A
  • scientific knowledge changes as new discoveries are made
  • technological developments lead to new discoveries;
  • named technological development; e.g. microscopes, new DNA technology
  • differences of opinion amongst biologists/scientists
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6
Q

In which classification level is the most variation seen?

A

Domain

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7
Q

In which classification level is the least variation seen?

A

Species

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8
Q

State the 8 levels of classification

A
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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9
Q

Why do common names for organisms have limitations in classification?

A
  • Same species have different common names in different places
  • Different languages would give different common names
  • Same common name could be used for different species in different places
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10
Q

What language is the binomial naming system in?

A

Latin

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11
Q

How is the binomial name formed?

A

First word: Genus - capital letter
Second word: Species - lower case letter
Written in italics or underlined

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12
Q

Classification def

A

Process of sorting lining things into groups of similar organisms.
It reflects how closely related they are and evolutionary relationships

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13
Q

Taxonomy def

A

The study of the principles behind classification

- the study of the differences between species(physical and genetic)

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14
Q

Phylogeny def

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
- the study of how closely related they are

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15
Q

List the five different kingdoms

A
  • Prokaryotae
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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16
Q

Description of prokaryotae kingdom

A
  • have no nucleus
  • have a loop of DNA that is not arranged in linear chromosomes
  • have named DNA(DNA that is not associated with histone proteins
  • Have no membrane-bound organelles
  • Have smaller ribosome than in other groups(70S)
  • Have cells smaller than those of eukaryotes
  • May be free-living or parasitic(some may cause diseases
17
Q

Description of protoctista

A
  • Are eukaryotic
  • are mostly single-celled(but many algae are multicellular
  • show a wide variety of forms(the only thing protoctists have in common is that they do not qualify to belong to any of the other four kingdoms!)
  • show various plant#like or animal-like features
  • are mostly free-living
  • have autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition - some photosynthesise, some ingest prey, some feed using extra cellular enzymes(like fungi), and some are parasites
18
Q

Fungi Description

A
  • are eukaryotic
  • can exist as singe cells(called yeasts) or have a mycelium that consists of hyphae
  • have cell walls made of chitin
  • have a cytoplasm that is multinucleate
  • are mostly free-living and saprophytic- meaning they can cause a decay of organic matter
19
Q

Plantae description

20
Q

Animalia description

21
Q

Heterotrophic feeder meaning

A

Eat and digest other organisms

22
Q

Autotrophic feeder meaning

A

Use photosynthesis to produce their own food

23
Q

Saprotrophic feeder meaning

A

Digest other organisms outside the body using extra cellular enzymes

24
Q

Hierarchy def

A

Groups within groups with no overlap

25
Species def
-A group of organisms similar in appearance, physiology and genetics whose members are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring
26
5 forms of vertebrates
- Mammals - Birds - Fish - Reptiles - Amphibians
27
It has been found that 98.4% of chimpanzee DNA is identical to that of a human. (i) Suggest how the information obtained by DNA analysis can be useful to taxonomists. (2 Marks)
- Information can be used to decide which species an organism fits into; easier to classify organisms - compare DNA base sequences between organisms - the more similar the base sequences, the more closely related the two organisms are.
28
State two types of evidence, other than biochemical evidence, that are used by taxonomists when classifying organisms. (2 Marks)
- Fossil records - Physiology/anatomy/behavioural characteristics - embryology