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Biology Module 4 > 4.3 Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

4.3 Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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2
Q

Describe the binomial naming system

A

Two part
Genus + species (in italics/underlined)
Genus = Capital
Species = lowercase

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3
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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4
Q

Describe prokaryotae

A

No membrane bound organelles
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Naked DNA
Unicellular
External digestion: heterotrophic, autotrophic, saprotrophic

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5
Q

Describe Protoctista

A

Eukaryotic
Membrane bound organelles
Cell wall
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Unicellular or multicellular

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6
Q

Describe Fungi

A

Eukaryotic
Membrane bound organelles
Chitin cell wall
Heterotrophic and saprotrophic
Reproduce by releasing spores from hyphae in mycelium
Multi/unicellular
Multinucleated cytoplasm

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7
Q

Describe plantae

A

Eukaryotes, membrane bound organelles, cellulose cell wall, autotrophic (photosynthesis), multicellular

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8
Q

Describe Animalia

A

Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Mobile
Membrane bound organelles

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9
Q

What evidence has led to new classification systems?

A

Observable/morphological features
DNA based sequences
Biochemistry: proteins (RNA polymerase and cytochrome C)
Amino acid sequence
Ribosomal RNA
Behaviours (feeding, predatory, courtship)
Shared phylogeny

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10
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, eukaryotes

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11
Q

Describe bacteria

A

Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, less complex RNA polymerases than eukaryotes, different amino acids in protein synthesis, circular chromosomes and plasmids, no histones, no organelles

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12
Q

Describe archaea

A

Prokaryotic, no peptidoglycan cell wall, complex RNA polymerases, circular chromosomes and plasmids, has histones, no organelles

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13
Q

Describe eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic, cell wall in plants and fungi: polysaccharide, complex RNA polymerases, linear chromosomes, histones, organelles, larger ribosomes

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14
Q

Relationship between classification and phylogeny

A

Classification: placing organisms into groups/categories based on similarities and differences
Phylogeny: closeness of evolutionary relationships

Modern taxonomic classification reflects phylogeny

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15
Q

What did Darwin find?

A

Offspring look like parents
No two individuals are identical
Organisms produce large numbers of offspring
Populations in nature remain fairly stable

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16
Q

Evidence for theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Fossils, DNA, biological molecules

17
Q

Define intraspecific and interspecific variation

A

Intraspecific: variation within a species
Interspecific: variation between species

18
Q

Describe continuous variation

A

No distinct categories, polygenic, affected by environment, intermediate values

19
Q

Describe discontinuous variation

A

Distinct categories
Determined by one or few genes
Unaffected by the environment
No intermediate values

20
Q

What are anatomical/structural adaptations?

A

Structures that increase chances of survival

21
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Processes in cells which increase chances of survival

22
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Change in behaviour to aid survival

23
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Same evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in the adult of a species e.g. pentadactyl limb

24
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Different structures similar functions

25
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

Species have the same common ancestor and share similar characteristics

26
Q

Describe convergent evolution

A

Species which are not closely related adapt in similar environments to fulfill the same niche so share similar characteristics e.g. marsupial and placental mole

27
Q

Describe the process of evolution by natural selection

A

Genetic variation
Due to mutation
Mutation is random
Sexual selection
Large numbers of offspring
Selection pressure
Those with advantageous mutation more likely to survive and reproduce
Pass on allele/inherited by offspring
Overtime, increase in allele frequency

Biology Module 4 (3 decks)

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