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Biology Module 4 > 4.1 Communicable Diseases, Disease Prevention And The Immune System > Flashcards

4.1 Communicable Diseases, Disease Prevention And The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi, protoctista

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2
Q

What diseases are caused by bacteria?

A

Tuberculosis (TB) and ring rot (tomatoes and potatoes)

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3
Q

What diseases are caused by viruses?

A

HIV/AIDS, influenza, tobacco mosaic virus

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4
Q

What diseases are caused by fungi?

A

Black sigatoka, athletes foot

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5
Q

What diseases are caused by protoctista?

A

Malaria, late blight

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6
Q

How are pathogens transmitted?

A

Vectors, spores, living conditions e.g. climate, social factors

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7
Q

What are vectors?

A

Organisms that pass the pathogen to humans

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8
Q

What are spores?

A

Small reproductive structures dispersed into the environment via wind and water.

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9
Q

What are physical plant defences?

A
  • waxy cuticle on leaf epidermis
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Callose deposition following pathogen invasion
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10
Q

Name chemical plant defences

A

Production of antibiotic/ fungicidal compounds, production of insecticides

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11
Q

What are primary, non specific defences in animals?

A

Skin, wound repair, blood clotting, inflammation, mucous membranes, expulsive reflexes

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12
Q

Describe wound repair

A
  • Outer layer of skin cells divide and migrate to edges of wound
  • Tissue below contracts bringing edges of wound together
  • Fuse edges by formation of collagen fibres
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13
Q

Describe blood clotting

A

Platelets release substances
Cascade of events
Formation of fibrin
Fibrin network traps platelets forming clot

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14
Q

Describe inflammation

A

Swelling of tissue isolates pathogens
Vasodilation increases blood flow to the area helping white blood cells arrive

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15
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Receptors bind to antigens on pathogen, phagocyte cytoplasm extends - engulf, pathogen contained in phagosome, lysosome fuses with phagosome = phagolysosome, lysozymes digest pathogen and destroy it, digested pathogen removed by exocytosis, antigen molecules displayed on surface

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16
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cell signalling molecules to attract WBC’s to site of damage

17
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Bind to + tag foreign cells making phagocytosis more likely

18
Q

T lymphocyte activation

A
  • Specific shape receptors -> bind to complementary antigens on APC or pathogen
  • Clonal selection
  • Divide by mitosis - clonal expansion
  • T helper, T killer, T regulatory, memory cells
19
Q

Role of T helper cells

A

Release interleukins to activate lymphocytes

20
Q

Role of T killer cells

A

Destroy cells infected with the pathogen

21
Q

Role of T regulatory cells

A

Suppress other immune system cells to prevent them attacking host cells

22
Q

Role of T memory cells

A

Remain in blood for secondary response

23
Q

B cells

A

B lymphocytes activated/ clonal selection, divide by mitosis/clonal expansion, produce B plasma and B memory cells

24
Q

Role of plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies with a complementary shape to the antigens

25
Q

Describe the secondary response

A

Faster
Larger
Shorter duration

26
Q

Role of anti-toxins

A

Antibodies can bind to toxins released by pathogens and neutralise them making them harmless

27
Q

Role of agglutination

A

Clumps pathogens immobilising them making phagocytosis more likely

28
Q

Describe active immunity (including natural and artificial)

A

Body makes own antibodies
Natural: Catch a cold
Artificial: Vaccination

29
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

Ready made antibodies
Natural: breast feeding
Artificial: antibody injection

30
Q

Define autoimmune disease

A

Immune system fails to distinguish between self and foreign antigens so attacks body cells which are supposed to be there (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis)

31
Q

Describe rheumatoid arthritis

A

Immune system attacks cells in joints causing pain and inflammation

32
Q

What are sources of medicine?

A
  • Plants and microorganisms
  • must maintain biodiversity to protect soueces

Biology Module 4 (3 decks)

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