4.3 & 4.4 - lifestyle factors & neuroscience Flashcards
physical activity & risk of bipolar disorders
(Firth, 2020)
A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders
Risk of psychosis: higher levels of physical activity sig reduced risk of incident psychosis - however, this effect disappears when adjusting for confounders
Increased overall physical activity: MR (mendelian randomization) found indications of causal relations between increased overall physical activity and decreased risk for BD
risk of smoking
(Firth, 2020)
A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders
For depression, smoking significantly increased the risk of depression
Smoking and psychosis: meta-analyses consistently found a significantly heightened risk of psychotic disorders in smokers vs non-smokers
Smoking and bipolar: consistent evidence from genetic studies that smoking was a causal risk factor for bipolar disorder
dietary factors
(Firth, 2020)
A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders
‘Healthy dietary patterns’: significantly reduced prospective risk of depression
Pro-inflammatory diets increase risk
sleeping patterns & risk
(Firth, 2020)
A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders
All ‘sleep disturbances’ (incl., insomnia, complaints of sleeping difficulties, and general poor sleep quality) significantly increased the risk for clinical depression or sig depressive symptoms
Self-reported difficulties in falling asleep / staying asleep increase the risk for bipolar disorder
lifestyle interventions in treatment of mental disorders
(Firth, 2020)
A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders
Physical activity: MDD was most widely assessed = positive effects of exercise interventions compared to control
Smoking cessation - not found
Dietary interventions - results only for ADHD
Sleep interventions - large and significant reduction in depressive symptoms
conclusions for BD
(Firth, 2020)
A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders
for BD, only evidence from prospective meta-analyses or Mendelian randomization studies
This evidence shows that running, not smoking and having stable circadian rhythms serves as a protective factor for developing BD
Neuroimaging studies - unipolar vs bipolar depression
fMRI of regional brain activation
(Han, 2019)
Differentiating between bipolar and unipolar depression in functional and structural MRI studies
differing patterns of amygdala activation during emotional face tasks between UD and BD
- UD showed greater responses to sad faces comapred to neutral
- BD shows greater responses to happy
Reduced activity in the ventral and dorsal ACC toward emotional stimuli in BD compared to UD
Inconsistent findings regarding reward-related tasks
Increased fronto-striatal activity in BD during a visuospatial planning task compared to UD
- Greater failure of deactivation in the MPFC during a working memory task in BD compared to UD
Neuroimaging studies - unipolar vs bipolar depression
fMRI on functional connectivity
(Han, 2019)
Differentiating between bipolar and unipolar depression in functional and structural MRI studies
ICA method: BD showed stronger or denser FC in networks of the DM or FP (fronto parietal) and in brain regions including the PFC, ACC, parietal and temporal regions, and thalamus
Inconsistent findings in seed-based analysis
BD had decreased ALFF (amplitude of low frequency fluctuations) in the left posterior insula and superior parietal lobe, and increased ALFF in the right dorsal anterior insula compared to UD
Findings suggest that abnormalities in resting-state neural activity in the insula and PFC may be a useful marker for differentiating depressive states of UD and BD
Neuroimaging studies - unipolar vs bipolar depression
Structural MRI on gray matter morphology
(Han, 2019)
Differentiating between bipolar and unipolar depression in functional and structural MRI studies
Differences in gray matter volumes in the ACC, hippocampus, amygdala and DLPFC between UD and BD
Thinner PFC (mainly DLPFC) and parietal regions in BD vs UD
Neuroimaging studies - unipolar vs bipolar depression
Structural MRI on white matter morphology
(Han, 2019)
Differentiating between bipolar and unipolar depression in functional and structural MRI studies
Reduced white matter integrity in the anterior part of the corpus callosum and posterior cingulum in BD
