4.3, 4.4 and 4.5- Distinctive Costal Landscapes

Question 1

What is a concordant coastline and give an example of the rock type?

Answer 1

A concordant coastline is when one rock is parallel to the sea such as limestone in Swanage. Usually there are cliffs on the coast and no headlands and bays.

Question 2

What is a discordant coastline and five an example of the rock type?

Answer 2

A discordant coastline occurs where bands of different rock type run perpendicular to the coast. The differing resistance to erosion leads to the formation of headlands and bays. Example: Hard rock and soft rock

Question 3

Compare the difference between a concordant and discordant coastline?

Answer 3

Discordant coastlines: rock layers perpendicular to the coast
-Have headlands and bays - south west or Ireland to bantry bay and dingle bay

Concordant coastlines:
-Rock layers are parallel to the coastlines- unusual - coves and can be featureless - lulworth cave , Dorset

Question 4

What is a joint?

Answer 4

A joint is a break of natural origin in the layer of rock that lacks movement parallel to the surface of the fracture.

Question 5

What are faults in geography?

Answer 5

A fault is a crack in the earths crust. They are usually a form of the boundaries of the earths tectonic plate.

Question 6

What are the three main types of rock?

Answer 6

Sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous

Question 7

Types of igneous rocks.

Answer 7

Basalt and granite

Question 8

Examples of metamorphic rock.

Answer 8

Marble and slate

Question 9

Examples of sedimentary rock.

Answer 9

Sandstone, limestone chalk and clay

Question 10

What is a bay?

Answer 10

A bay is a body of water partially surrounded by land.

Question 11

What is an arch ?

Answer 11

Weathering and erosion can create caves, arches, stacks and stumps along a headland. Old Harry Rocks, Swanage, Dorset. Caves occur when waves force their way into cracks in the cliff face

Question 12

How are cliffs formed?

Answer 12

Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms by the processes of weathering and erosion.

Question 13

What are ssea stacks?.

Answer 13

sea stack is a geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion

Question 14

What are wave cut platforms?

Answer 14

Wave cutplatforms are the narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by the erosion of waves.

Question 15

What is erosion?

Answer 15

the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.

Question 16

Destructive waves

Answer 16

Destructive waves are created in storm conditions. They are created from big, strong waves when the

Question 17

Longshore drift

Answer 17

The prevailing wind (the direction the wind ususally blows from) causes waves to approach the coast at an angle. The swash carries the sand and pebbles up the beach at the same angle (usually 45º).

Question 18

Spit

Answer 18

A spit is an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea and is joined to the mainland at one end

Question 19

Beaches

Answer 19

Beaches are made up of eroded material that has been transported from elsewhere and deposited by the sea. Constructive waves help to build up beaches

Question 20

Bars

Answer 20

Longshore drift is the cause of a spit forming at the mouth of a river. Where a spit grows across a bay, a bar is formed

Question 21

Constructive waves

Answer 21

They are created in calm weather and are less powerful than destructive waves.
They break on the shore and deposit material, building up beaches.

Question 22

Costal deposition

Answer 22

Coastal deposition is the laying down of material on the coast by the sea. It occurs when waves lose energy or when large inputs of sediment are made into the coastal system

Question 23

What is the difference between hard rock and soft rock?

Answer 23

Headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock
•A concordant coastline has the same type of rock along its length

Question 24

What are wave cut platforms?

Answer 24

A wave cut platform, costal benches, or wave cut benches is the narrow, flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay or sea that was created by the erosion of waves.

Question 25

What three factors affect wave energy?

Answer 25

.•Wind speed - must be blowing faster than the transfer of energy from the wave crests.
•The amount of time the wind blows - how it will be maintained throughout
•The uninterrupted distance - over the sea for which the wind blows without a change in direction

Question 26

Where in the Uk has the biggest waves and why?

Answer 26

In and around the Uk there are two major areas for big waves. Along the south west coast of the UK, in cornwall there would be a prime position for big waves a s LSD would occur and water would rapidly flow past and affect the sea. Also on the eastern coat of the UK big waves are commonly known and are also flowing on towards northern france and also destructing there.

Question 27

Describe the characteristics of a destructive wave.

Answer 27

Destructive waves are created in storm conditions. They are created from big, strong waves when the wind is powerful and has been blowing for a long time. They occur when wave energy is high and the wave has travelled over a long fetch. They tend to erode the coast. They have a stronger backwash than swash

Question 28

Explain how rotational slumping mass movement break down the cliff?

Answer 28

.Different mass movements occur on slopes under different conditions. There are four types; rockfall, mudflow, landslip and soil creep.
•These different movements all affect the movement off mass along cliff faces and rocks

Question 29

Explain how do rockfalls break down the cliff?

Answer 29

.For example, a basalt cliff may be weathered by freeze-thaw, a type of physical weathering. This means that pieces of the cliff may break away.

Erosion happens when these pieces of rock fall away down the cliff.
– Example

Question 30

Compare biological, freeze-thaw and chemical weathering.

Answer 30

Biological weathering-the weakening and sebsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals and microbes. Growing plant roots can exert stress or pressure on rock.
Freeze thaw- The process when water enters small cracks in cliffs and freezes and expands the crack until the cliff is able to fall
Chemical weathering- the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc caused by chemical reactions(acid rain)

Question 31

Define abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition and solution

Answer 31

.abrasion- the process of scraping or wearing something away
Hydraulic action- erosion of the motion of water against a rock producing mechanical weathering
Attrition- the process of wearing down or weakening of resistance, result of continuous pressure
Solution-Acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone.

Question 32

What is the difference between traction, saltation, solution.

Answer 32

Solution - minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution. Suspension - fine light material is carried along in the water. Saltation - small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed. Traction - large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed.

Question 33

Explain how Long shore drift LSD works?

Answer 33

.
Longshore drift. Waves that hit the beach at an angle carry sand and gravel up the beach face at an angle. When the water washes back the sediment is carried straight back down the beach face. Individual particles are moved along the beach in a zig zag pattern

Question 34

Explain how a spit is formed?

Answer 34

A spit is an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea and is joined to the mainland at one end. Spits are formed where the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline, resulting in longshore drift. An example of a spit is Spurn Head, found along the Holderness coast in Humberside.

Question 35

Describe what the characteristics of a spit are?

Answer 35

.Spits. A spit is a stretch of sand or shingle extending from the mainland out to sea. They develop where there is a sudden change in the shape of the coastline such as at a headland. Normally, longshore drift transports beach sediment along a coastline.

Question 36

Explain how beaches form. (Erosion of headlands, LSD, bays and deposition)

Answer 36

Beaches are the result of wave action by which waves or currents move sand or other loose sediments of which the beach is made as these particles are held in suspension. Alternatively, sand may be moved by saltation (a bouncing movement of large particles).

Question 37

Compare the characteristics of a spit to a bar.

Answer 37

Both of these landforms are the result of longshore drift and deposition of material by the sea so there is a definite similarity in the processes of their formation and development. Spits and bars are long, narrow accumulations of sand and/or shingle. … A bar starts in a similar way, and to begin with, is a spit.

Question 38

Explain the formation of a spit.

Answer 38

A spit is an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea and is joined to the mainland at one end

Question 39

How does costal management (building groynes for example) affect coastlines down drift?

Answer 39

It stops longshore drift from happening which means sediment is deprived in areas further down the coastline from the groynes. This affects the process of long shore drift

Question 40

How does dredging affect the coastline?

Answer 40

Dredging is the act of removing silt and other material from the bottom of bodies of water. … It is a routine necessity in waterways around the world because sedimentation—the natural process of sand and silt washing downstream—gradually fills channels and harbors.

Question 41

How does industry affect the coastline?

Answer 41

Different areas of coast are protected more than overs as they are prioritised with certain future implants to the organisation and help of everyday life

Question 42

How does developm,ent (jobs/houses/building) impact on the coastline?

Answer 42

The development will not look natural and takes away the natural features of the coastline, attracting tourists and creating attracting people an business

Question 43

How is Swanage coastline affected by physical processes (geology, discordant, headland/bays, erosion/deposition)?

Answer 43

Long shore drift occurs in swanage bay taking sediment from the headlands and transporting them to the bays.

Question 44

How is Swanage coastline being affected by human processes (management, industry, tourism, transport etc)?

Answer 44

Tourism attractions are changing Swanage as an attraction and development of the beach. As Swanage is a popular place, there would be many hotels and restaurants which are attracting many people to visit

Question 45

Why is the sea level rising?

Answer 45

1. As air temperatures rise (due to climate change) the water in the oceans is warmed and expands. This process is called thermal expansion.
2. As ice sheets and glaciers melt, they increase the amount of water in the oceans.

Scientists have shown that in the past there have been periods of significant sea level change due to natural factors. However, current measurements and predictions indicate that human activity is now the main driving force.

Question 46

How bad will the sea level get and how will it affect different places around the world(give examples)?

Answer 46

The sea level affect many places around the world such as the maldives which are currently battling for survival as the sea level is rapidly overtaking the land

Question 47

How will climate change affect erosion/deposition?

Answer 47

.Climate change forecasts predict an increase in global temperatures; over the past 25 years an increase of 0.2°C per decade has been observed.
This is likely to cause global sea levels to rise yet further — they are currently rising around 3 mm per year — and an increase in the frequency and magnitude of storm events.

Question 48

How will climate change affect strom frequency, intensity, and storm surges?

Answer 48

.Global warming could affect storm formation by decreasing the temperature difference between the poles and the equator. That temperature difference fuels the mid-latitude storms affect the Earth’s most populated regions. Also having global warming may also prevent challenges such as tackling storms and storm surges as the sea level will be rising in the next 50 years

Question 49

How will storms and storm surges affect people and the environment?

Answer 49

Social
•1,800 people died
•300,000 homes were destroyed
•3 million people were left with no electricity
Economic
•$300 billion of damage
•oil platforms were destroyed
•tourism decreased
Environmental
•the storm surge flooded large areas of the coast
•80% of New Orleans flooded as man-made levees, overwhelmed by extra water, broke
•cotton and sugar cane crops were destroyed
•delicate coastal habitats were destroyed
•tornadoes were created

Question 50

Explain how groynes and sea walls work?

Answer 50

Groynes- long out-stretched wooden equipment that stips sediment from passing by and therefore prevents longshore drift.
Sea wall- A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.

Question 51

What is the difference between hard and soft engineering? Which is best?

Answer 51

HardHard engineering options tend to be expensive, short-term options. They may also have a high impact on the landscape or environment an be unsustainable.
Soft engineering options are often less expensive than hard engineering options. They are usually more long-term and sustainable, with less impact on the environment.

Question 52

What is strategic realignment and which areas might be left to erode? Refer to (CBA)

Answer 52

Strategic realignement is when the government decide what certain areas of coastline are kept based on their future affect on the economy. For example an oil or gas station will be looked after;whereas, useless farmland will be left to erode and given to a more useful purpose.