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A Level Bio > 4.2.2 Classification & Evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2 Classification & Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the taxonomic grouping system?

A

A method of biological classification in the order: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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2
Q

What’s the most recent addition to the taxonomic grouping system?

A

Three domain system

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3
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A
  1. Identify species
  2. Predict characteristics
  3. Find evolutionary links
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4
Q

Why is a single classification system important?

A

Scientists can share research worldwide - no confusion in translation

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5
Q

Define a species

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

What is the binomial nomenclature system?

A

All organisms given name of two parts: First word is genus, second word is species

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7
Q

How is binomial nomenclature different from previous classification?

A

Organisms were categorised due to physical characteristics, behaviour or habitat. Names lost in translation internationally, and didn’t show relationship between organisms

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8
Q

What are the benefits of binomial nomenclature?

A
  1. No two species have the same genus and species

2. No international loss of translation

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9
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Plantae, Fungi, Protoctista, Animalia, Prokaryotae

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10
Q

What features make plantae identifiable?

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Cellulose cell wall
  3. Autotrophic (simple molecules into larger molecules)
  4. Chloroplasts & Chlorophyll
  5. Store food as starch
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11
Q

What features make fungi identifiable?

A
  1. Chitin cell wall
  2. No locomotion capability - create spores
  3. Saprophytic
  4. Most store food as glycogen
  5. Can be multicellular or unicellular
  6. Made up of mycelium that consist of hyphae
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12
Q

What features make protoctista identifiable?

A
  1. Mostly unicellular
  2. Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
  3. Some have chloroplasts
  4. Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  5. Some immobile, some move via cilia or flagella
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13
Q

What features make animalia identifiable?

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. No cell wall
  3. Heterotrophic
  4. Store food as glycogen
  5. Move via cilia, flagella or contractile proteins
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14
Q

What features make prokaryotae identifiable?

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  3. Ring of naked DNA
  4. Smaller ribosomes (70s)
  5. Absorb nutrients through cell wall or via photosynthesis
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15
Q

What changes have occurred in classification due to new evidence?

A

Originally, use of similarities in observable features. Now biological molecules and DNA are studied. Comparison between changes in DNA indicated evolutionary links e.g. Haemoglobin

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16
Q

What is the Three Domain System?

A

3 domains: Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya

6 Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, Protoctista

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17
Q

What are features of the eukarya domain?

A
  1. 80s ribosomes

2. RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

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18
Q

What are features of the archae domain?

A
  1. 70s ribosomes

2. RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins

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19
Q

What are features of the bacteria domain?

A
  1. 70s ribosomes

2. RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

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20
Q

What is the Three Domain System based on?

A
  1. Differences in nucleotide sequencing in rRNA
  2. Cell membrane’s lipid structure
  3. Sensitivity to antibiotics
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21
Q

What are the differences in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

A

Most bacteria are eubacteria. Bacteria in extreme living conditions are archaebacteria. Eubacteria also contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

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22
Q

Define phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationship between organisms (phylogenetics)

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23
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Best method of phylogenetic analysis - groups classified by sharing derived characteristics from ancestors, not just general characteristics

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24
Q

What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification?

A
  1. Produces a continuous tree - don’t have to put into discrete groups that may not be exactly right
  2. Linnaean classification suggests groups in same rank are equivalent - doesn’t consider evolution of groupings e.g. longer history? level of diversity? degree of biological differentiation?
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25
Q

How did Darwin contribute to the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A
  1. Suggested fossils were evidence of deceased animals
  2. Studied finches - observed relationship between adaptation of beaks and conditions of different islands
  3. Sent specimens back to the UK for observation - spotted links he had missed
26
Q

How did Wallace and Darwin contribute to the theory of evolution?

A

Wallace sent ideas to Darwin for peer review - similar ideas, so collaborated to produce theory. Conflicted with religious views - implication of ape evolution

27
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

Animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks - sediment is deposited on the earth and forms the layers of fossils (strata)

28
Q

What sources do scientists use to study evolution?

A
  1. Paleontology
  2. Comparative anatomy
  3. Comparative biochemistry
29
Q

What evidence does the fossil record provide?

A
  1. Fossils of simplest organisms found in oldest rocks, complex organisms in recent rocks
  2. Sequence of fossil discovery coincides with ecological links e.g. plants before animals
  3. Studying similarities of anatomy of fossil organisms shows how closely related organisms evolved from the same ancestor
  4. Relationships between extinct and living organisms can be studied
30
Q

What’s an issue with using fossils?

A

Many organisms are soft-bodied, so decompose quickly before fossilising

31
Q

What is comparative biochemistry?

A

Studying similarities and differences in molecules within organisms - some essential molecules are highly conserved amongst species

32
Q

What are examples of highly conserved molecules?

A

Cytochrome C - protein involved in respiration

rRNA

33
Q

What is neutral evolution?

A

Changes in structure of a molecule that don’t affect its function. Their abundance isn’t affected by natural selection

34
Q

What evidence does comparative biochemistry provide?

A

DNA or amino acid sequence is compared - number of differences plotted against rate of neutral base pair substitutions. Those with similar rate of substitution and similiarities in DNA or amino acid bases are more closely related - less influence of natural selection/external factors

35
Q

How can comparative biochemistry and paleontology be used together?

A

Rate of rRNA substitution (very slow) used alongside fossil information to determine relationships

36
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Studying similarities and differences in anatomy of species

37
Q

Define a homologous structure

A

A structure that appears superficially different but has the same underlying structure in different organisms e.g. vertebrate limbs - same bones adapted differently

38
Q

What evidence does homologous structures provide?

A

Divergent evolution - shows how species have evolved from a common ancestor. Could occur due to loss of habitat or migration

39
Q

What is the difference between intraspecific and interspecific variation?

A

Intraspecific: within same species
Interspecific: between different species

40
Q

What are the genetic causes of variation?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Meiosis
  3. Alleles e.g. blood group
  4. Random fertilisation
41
Q

What are examples of environmental causes of variation?

A
  1. Mobility - immobile organisms are greater affected by environmental factors
  2. Diet
  3. Access to education
  4. Exposure to sunlight
42
Q

What are examples of variation caused by genetic and environmental factors?

A
  1. Skin colour

2. Height/Weight

43
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

A characteristic that can take any value within a range e.g. height, weight. Often polygenic and influenced by the environment

44
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

A characteristic that can take a certain value with no intermediates e.g. sex, shape of bacteria, blood group. Often solely genetic

45
Q

How is discontinuous variation represented?

A

Bar or pie chart

46
Q

How is continuous variation represented?

A

Histogram - produces a normal distribution curve

47
Q

What are the characteristics of a normal distribution curve?

A
  1. Mean, mode and median are the same
  2. 50% of values less than mean, 50% more than mean
  3. Most values lie close to mean
48
Q

Define standard deviation

A

Measure of how spread out the data is

49
Q

What are the three different types of adaptations?

A
  1. Anatomical - physical features
  2. Behavioural
  3. Physiological
50
Q

State 4 examples of anatomical adaptations

A
  1. Body covering
  2. Camouflage
  3. Teeth - related to diet
  4. Mimicry e.g. hoverfly mimics wasp
51
Q

What are the categories of behavioural adaptations?

A

Innate & Learned

52
Q

State 3 examples of behavioural adaptations

A
  1. For survival - freezing, playing dead, fleeing
  2. For courtship e.g. scorpion perform a dance
  3. Due to season - migration or hibernation (body temp, heart and breathing rate slow to conserve energy)
53
Q

State 3 examples of physiological adaptations

A
  1. Poison production - reptiles and plants
  2. Antibiotic production - bacteria produce to kill competing bacterial cells
  3. Water holding - water-holding frog can store water to survive in desert, cacti and desert plants store in tissues
54
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures that have adapted from different origins to have the same function

55
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Unrelated species evolve to share similar traits - due to environment or selection pressures (evolve to similar niches)

56
Q

Describe how marsupial and placental mammals have shown convergent evolution

A

Marsupials (reproduce via uterus and then marsupium) and placental mammals (reproduce via placenta connecting embryo to circulatory system of mother) adapted to similar climates and food availability, but aren’t of closely related ancestry

57
Q

How do the marsupial mole and placental mole illustrate convergent evolution?

A

Both have similar adaptations - streamlined body, modified forelimbs for digging, and velvety fur for movement in soil. Although, have different fur colour

58
Q

How does genetic variation, selection pressures and natural selection affect the state of a population?

A

Increases the proportion of the population with advantageous characteristics - have more success in reproduction, so characteristics passed on and amount of those without advantageous characteristic reduces

59
Q

What are the implications of antibiotic resistance on the human population?

A

Over time, the number of resistant individuals increases (especially with increased exposure - selection pressure). Have to use different antibiotics - takes many years to discover new antibiotics, bacterial infections more dangerous

60
Q

What are the implications of pesticide resistance in insects?

A

Scientists found that pre-adaptation can be beneficial in developing resistance to current pesticides. Makes it more difficult to control insect-caused conditions - limited resources for insect control.

A Level Bio (8 decks)

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