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A Level Biology > 4.2.2 Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2 Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification; taxonomic groups

A 
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

= hierarchical classification
= Linnaean classification

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2
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A
  • to identify species
  • to predict characteristics
  • to find evolutionary links
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3
Q

The three domains

A

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya

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4
Q

definition of a SPECIES

A

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

Naming organisms

A

Genus, species

= binomial nomenclature

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6
Q

The five kingdoms

A

Prokaryotes:
• Prokaryotae (bacteria)

Eukaryotes:
• Protoctista (unicellular)
• Fungi (e.g. yeast,moulds)
• Plantae
• Animalia
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7
Q

Prokaryotae

A

Unicellular

No nucleus or organelles

Ring of naked DNA

No visible feeding mechanism

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8
Q

Protoctista

A

Mainly unicellular

Nucleus and organelles

Some have chloroplasts

Some are sessile, some have cilia/flagella

Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis or ingestion of other organisms or parasitic

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9
Q

Fungi

A

Uni and multicellular

Nucleus and organelles

No chloroplasts

No locomotion

Body made of threads or hyphae

Nutrients acquired by absorption - saprophytic feeders

Most store food as glycogen

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10
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular

Nucleus and organelles (chloroplasts,cellulose cell wall)

Chlorophyll

Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis - autotrophic (make own food)

Store food as starch

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11
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular

Nucleus and organelles

No chloroplasts

Move with cilia, flagella, contractile proteins (e.g. muscle organs)

Nutrients via ingestion

Food stored as glycogen

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12
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Aka ancient bacteria

Extreme conditions (thermal vents, anaerobic conditions, acidic environments)

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13
Q

Eubacteria

A

True bacteria

All environments.

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14
Q

Three domain, six kingdom system

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Eubacteria, archae-bacteria, protoctista, plantae, fungi, animalia

Bacteria/eubacteria and archaea/archaebacteria REPLACE prokaryotes

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

Name given to evolutionary relationships between organisms

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16
Q

Phylogenetics

A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

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17
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

Represents evolutionary relationships between organisms

Branched diagrams

Earliest at base

Similarities in physical and genetic make up

Much evidence gained from fossils

18
Q

Advantages of phylogenetic classification

A
  • done without reference to Linnaean classification
  • classification uses phylogeny for confirmation
  • continuous tree
19
Q

Evidence for evolution

A
  • palaeontology - study of fossils
  • comparative anatomy
  • competitive biochemistry
20
Q

Palaeontology

A

Fossil records

Allow relationships between extricate and living organisms to be invesigated

21
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Homologous structures - same underlying structure
e.g. pentadactyl limb
= common ancestor

Presence of homologous structures provides evidence for divergent evolution. How diff species have evolved from a common ancestor

22
Q

Comparative biochemistry

A

Sim/diff in proteins and other life process molecules
e.g. cytochrome c (protein in respiration and rRNA)

Changes that don’t affect molecules function are called ‘neutral’

23
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Variation between members of different species

24
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Variation between organisms of the same species

25
Q

Causes of variation

A
  • an organisms genetic material

* the environment in which the organism lives

26
Q

Genetic causes of variation

A
  • alleles - inherited
  • mutations - in gametes then passed on to offspring or in proteins
  • meiosis - half genetic info, independent assortment and crossing over
  • sexual reproduction - info from each parent
  • chance - fertilisation

More variation in organisms that reproduce sexually

Blood group determined directly by genetic variation

27
Q

Environmental causes of variation

A

Plants affected to greater degree die to lack of mobility e.g. access to sun

Characteristic determined purely by environmental variation = scars

  • accident or disease
  • no genetic origin
  • not inherited
28
Q

Environmental and genetic causes of variation

A

Combination
e.g. Tall genes vs poor diet

Skin colour
At birth (inherited) vs exposure to sunlight

‘Nature vs nurture’

29
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

A characteristic that can only result in certain values e.g variation cause by genetic factors, an animals sex, blood groups
e.g in microorganisms, shape of bacteria

Bar chart

30
Q

Continuous variation

A

A characteristic that can take any value within a range
Graduation from one end to other = continuum
e.g. height and mass of plants/animals

Frequency table
Histogram

31
Q

Normal distribution curves

A

Bell shaped curve
• mean mode median the same
• symmetrical
• most values lie close to the mean

68% within 1 s.d. of mean
95% within 2 s.d. of mean
99.7% within 3 s.d. of mean

32
Q

Standard deviation

A

How spread out the data is

Greater = more spread

33
Q

T test

A

Compare mean values of two sets of data

x1/2 = mean of populations 1/2
Sigma1/2 = standard deviation of p1/2
n1/2 = total no of values in samples 1/2

Null hypothesis = prediction that there’s no significant difference between populations

34
Q

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

A

Two sets of data can show:
• no correlation
• +ve correlation (as one increases, the other increases)
• -ve correlation (as one increases, the other decreases)

r5 = correlation coefficient 
d = difference in ranks
n = no of pairs of data
35
Q

Adaptations

A

Anatomical - physical
Behavioural - inherited or learned
Physiological - internal processes

36
Q

Anatomical adaptations

A
  • body covering
  • camouflage
  • teeth
  • mimicry
37
Q

Adaptations; marram grass

A
  • curled leaves
  • hairs on inside of leaf
  • sunken stomata
  • thick waxy cuticle
38
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A 
• survival behaviour
• courtship (attract mates)
• season behaviours 
- migration
- hibernation 
Innate/instinctive = inherited 
Learned = learnt from experience/observation
39
Q

Physiological adaptations

A
  • poison production
  • antibiotic production
  • water holding
40
Q

Anatomical adaptations; evidence for convergent evolution

A

Analogous structures = similar role but very different structure
= adapted to perform same function but have different genetic origin

41
Q

Convergent evolution

A

= unrelated species begin to have similar traits
• similar environments
• other selection pressures

42
Q

Natural selection

A

1) organisms show variation cause by genes
2) favourable characteristics have increased chance of survival
3) successful organisms pass advantageous characteristic allele to offspring
4) repeated every generation
5) over many generations, leads to evolution of a new species

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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