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OCR A level Biology > 4.2.2 - Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2 - Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Animalia 
Plant 
Fungi 
Protoctist
Prokaryotae
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2
Q

Animal kingdom

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular
Heterotrophs
Fertilised eggs develop into a blastula

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3
Q

Fungi kingdom

A 
Eukaryotic, uni/multicellular 
Multinucleate 
No chloroplasts/chlorophyll
Strands of hyphae make up mycelium 
Often saprophytic
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4
Q

Protoctist kingdom

A

Eukaryotic, mostly single celled
Plant like and animal like, rejects of all other kingdoms
Variety of feeding mechanisms

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5
Q

How do prokaryotes respire

A

Using mesosomes

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6
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Nutrition is gained from the digestion of organic matter

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7
Q

Saprophytic

A

Feed on dead/ decaying matter

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8
Q

Classification

A

Grouping organisms on the basis of shared features

Modern classification reflects phylogeny

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9
Q

Taxonomy

A

Focuses physical similarities between diff. spp for ease of naming and identification

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

Classification of organisms by evolutionary relationships so every group shares a common ancestor

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11
Q

Linnaean taxonomy

A

Carl Linnaeus formed a system that is the basis of our naming system

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12
Q

Taxons

A 
Domain  - Eukarya 
Kingdom - Animalia 
Phylum - Chordata 
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates 
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo 
Species - Homosapiens
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13
Q

Carl Woese

A 
Split Monera (prokaryotes) into Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Refined system to create 3 domains; Eukarya, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
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14
Q

What do taxonomists do

A

Try to identify evolutionary relationships among organisms
Compare structures of organisms
Compare organisms geographic distribution and chemical makeup

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15
Q

Rule of parsimony

A

This assumes that the tree with the least number of evolutionary events is most likely to show the correct evolutionary relationship

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16
Q

Shared characteristics vs. shared derived characteristics

A

Shared characteristics look at convergent evolution but shared derived characteristics focus on features that are a result of shared ancestors (homologies)

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17
Q

Discontinuous variation is shown by

A

Qualitative traits determined by a single gene

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18
Q

Continuous variation is determined by

A

Large number of genes and have quantitative traits e.g. mass and length

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19
Q

Sources of genetic variation

A 
Dominant alleles 
Recessive alleles 
Mutations 
Crossing over 
Independent assortment
Gene interactions
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20
Q

Adaptive features

A

Inheritable traits that suit an organism to its niche

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21
Q

Acclimitisation

A

The ability to adapt during its lifecycle

22
Q

Types of adaptations

A

Structural
Physiological
Behavioural

23
Q

Darwin’s theory

A

Parents produce too many offspring
Competition causes better adapted offspring to survive
They will then reproduce and pass on those attractive features

24
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Fossil evidence

Molecular evidence

25
Q

Forms of fossils

A

Imprints of ancient organisms

Remains

26
Q

Fossil evidence

A

Scientists study fossils in minute detail in order to establish anatomical and morphological similarities which can then be used to reveal evolutionary relationships

27
Q

Molecular evidence

A

More reliable than fossils
All living things have proteins and DNA. Sequencing the bases in DNA and amino acids in proteins show similarities and differences. More similarities, more closely related

28
Q

Variation

A

Differences that arise between living organisms

29
Q

Types of variation

A

Intraspecifc and interspecific

Continuous and discontinuous

30
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Variation between members of the same species, this causes evolution

31
Q

Examples of differences caused by intraspecific variation

A 
Observable features (colour)
Biochemical differences (sequences of amino acids)
Behavioural differences (type of food eaten)
32
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Occurs between members of different species

Depends on how closely related one species is to the other

33
Q

Anatomical adaptations

A

Those associated with structure e.g. predators have sharp teeth to help kill and chew prey

34
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Those associated with how the body systems functions e.g. yeast respire anaerobically when theres no O2 so they can produce ATP and continue growth

35
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

Those associated with feeding, nesting or mating e.g. robins choose nests close to the ground as to not compete with other bird species

36
Q

Implications of evolution for humans

A

Pesticide resistance in insects

Drug resistance in micro-organisms

37
Q

Why are estimated of total no. of species inaccurate

A

Species become extinct daily
Undiscovered species
Some species may be reclassified

38
Q

Evidence used by taxonomists when classifying organisms

A

Behaviours
Fossil record
Embryology

39
Q

Why can info gained from studying model organisms be applied to humans

A

Similar metabolism
Similar genes
Shared ancestry

40
Q

Factors considered when choosing a model organism

A

Small
Short life cycle
Cheap to buy and keep

41
Q

How does resistance arise and evolve in a population

A

SPONTANEOUS mutation in gene sequence e.g. base sub
Leads to resistance to the selective agent
beneficial mutation so directional selection
Through natural selection, those better adapted against the selective agent survive, reproduce and pass on that mutation
Increases frequency of allele in population

42
Q

Use of fossils to estimate age

A

Deeper fossils are older than surface fossils

43
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms

A

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

44
Q

Plant kingdom

A

Multicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Autotrophs and store food as starch

45
Q

Why have classification systems changed over time

A

Advances in science e.g, genome sequencing

46
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Ancient bacteria - extremophiles

47
Q

Advantages of phylogenetic classification

A

Phylogeny can be done w/out reference to Linnaean classification
Produces a continuous tress vs discrete taxonomical groups

48
Q

Students t-test

A

Used to compare means of data values of 2 population

49
Q

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

A

Used to consider relationship between two sets of continuous data

50
Q

Analogous structure

A

Structures adapted to perform the same function but have a diff genetic origin

51
Q

Convergent evolution

A

May have adapted to fill sim niches in diff environments but not related evolutionary

OCR A level Biology (25 decks)

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