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Biology - Module 4 > 4.2.1 - Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2.1 - Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

A measure of the variation found in the living world

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2
Q

What are the 3 levels at which biodiversity can be considered?

A
  • Habitat
  • Species
  • Genetic
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3
Q

What does species diversity mean?

A

The number of different species and individuals within each species in a community

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4
Q

What does species richness mean?

A

The number of different species in a particular area at the particular time

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5
Q

What does species evenness mean?

A

The number of individuals of each species in a habitat

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6
Q

What does genetic diversity mean?

A

The variety of genes amongst all the individuals in a population of one species

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7
Q

What does habitat diversity mean?

A

The range of different habitats

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8
Q

How do you ensure your sample is representative of the population?

A
  • Take a large sample
  • Randomly sample to avoid bias
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9
Q

How could you carry out random sampling?

A
  • Lay out 2 tape measures at right angles to each other to create a gridded area
  • Use a random number generator to generate 2 numbers to serve as coordinates on the grid
  • Place your quadrat at the coordinates and record the data
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10
Q

What are the 3 non-random sampling techniques?

A
  • Opportunistic
  • Stratified
  • Systematic
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11
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

Sampling organisms which are conveniently available or have been selected deliberately by the researcher. This is often inaccurate as it involves bias.

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12
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Where samples are taken in proportion to the size of each population

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13
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Where samples are taken at regular intervals usually involving a belt transect. This is used when there is a change in the distribution of species within the habitat.

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14
Q

What is a quadrat used for?

A

Used to sample plants and slow moving organisms

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15
Q

What are sweeping nets?

A

Nets that are used to collect invertebrates in low-growing vegetation

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16
Q

What are pitfall traps?

A

A hole is dug in the ground and a pot is placed in it so small invertebrates that are found on the soil surface or leaf litter fall into it and will be unable to crawl out. A roof like structure is placed on top to prevent the trap filling with rainwater.

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17
Q

What are pooters?

A

Two tubes are connected to a closed pot. The investigator sucks on one tube and places the other tube over the insect which creates suction and draws the insect into the pot. Used to collect insects found in crevices or in sweep nets.

18
Q

What is a Tullgren funnel?

A

The soil sample is dried using a heat lamp and this causes the animals to move in the opposite direction downwards where a collecting dish is placed. Used to collect small invertebrates from soil and leaf litter.

19
Q

What is kick sampling?

A

One researcher gently kicks the river bed to disturb the organisms within it while another researcher stands behind them with a net to capture any organisms that are released. Used to dislodge freshwater invertebrates on stream beds.

20
Q

How would you measure species richness?

A

Estimate using a qualitative study - observe and record the different species found in the habitat

21
Q

How would you measure species evenness?

A

Requires a quantitative study:
- for plants count individuals of each species or percentage cover
- for animals count directly or estimate population size using mark-recapture technique

22
Q

How can you calculate genetic diversity?

A

By examining polymorphic genes within isolated populations such as zoos, rare breeds and pedigree animals where selective breeding has been used.

23
Q

What is a polymorphic gene?

A

A gene that has more than one allele

24
Q

What is gene that has one allele called?

A

Monomorphic gene

25
Q

What does a higher proportion of polymorphic gene loci mean?

A

The larger the genetic diversity within the population

26
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting biodiversity?

A
  • Human population
  • Agriculture
  • Climate change
27
Q

How does human population affect biodiversity?

A
  • Increasing at an exponential rate
  • Means there is an increased need for space for housing, farming and industry which requires deforestation
28
Q

How does agriculture affect biodiversity?

A
  • Increased agriculture to feed everyone
  • Clearing land for agriculture results in the destruction of habitats
  • Chemical pesticides or fertilisers may be added to the land and monocultures may be grown
  • This reduces the number of habitats and range of food sources
29
Q

How does climate change affect biodiversity?

A
  • Increase in global temperatures is melting polar ice caps which destroys habitats and causes sea levels to rise which is reducing biodiversity due to flooding
  • The higher global temperatures and lower rainfall means some plants and animals are unable to survive and xerophytes are becoming the dominant species in some areas with these plants outcompeting others as they can survive in harsher abiotic conditions
30
Q

What are the 3 reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Ecological
  • Economic
  • Aesthetic
31
Q

What are the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • The loss of one species impacts all others as they are all interdependent on each other
  • For example, the removal of a habitat removes food sources for many animals
  • Conservation measures to protect these habitats must be put in place but not to an extent that farming is no longer possible and humans run out of food
32
Q

What are the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Deforestation can result in soil erosion and monocultures can result in soil becoming deficient in particular minerals that the crop absorbs a lot of
  • Both results in soil depletion and can negatively impact a country’s ability to grow crops
  • Tourism often relies on people visiting areas of natural beauty and observing animals in their natural habitat so extinction of habitats, plants and animals could reduce tourism impacting the economy
  • Many medicines have been based on chemicals naturally occurring in plants so plant species going extinct could have potentially held the molecules needed to cure diseases in humans
33
Q

What are the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Being in nature around animals and plants enriches people’s lives and has been shown to improve people’s mental health which is why people may choose to visit different environments like the rainforest and beaches
  • Nature is also a creative inspiration for art, music and writers
34
Q

What does in situ mean?

A

Within the natural habitat

35
Q

What does ex situ mean?

A

Not within the natural habitat

36
Q

What are 2 examples of in situ methods of maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Marine conservation zones which are areas in water that are designated for wildlife to recover and repopulate such as areas where fishing and tourism aren’t allowed
  • Wildlife reserves are the same but on land and are actively managed to conserve wildlife
37
Q

What are 3 examples of ex situ methods of maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Botanical gardens provide a wide range of plant species with the optimal conditions for growth
  • Seed banks are where seeds of a variety of plant species are stored in water and temperature controlled environments to keep them viable for longer. These are stored as a backup for potential plant species that may go extinct
  • Captive breeding involves reproducing animals in zoos and aquariums to increase the number of endangered species and these individuals can then be reintroduced into the wild
38
Q

What are 3 examples of international and local conservation agreements?

A
  • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
  • The Rio Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
  • The Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS)
39
Q

What is CITES?

A

A treaty that regulates the trade of international animals, plants and their products which requires cooperation and agreement between countries.

40
Q

What is CBD?

A

172 countries met in Rio and came up with 3 agreements:
- Countries must come up with strategies for sustainable development
- To stabilise greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations within the atmosphere
- To prevent the destruction of fertile land into desert and reduce the effects of drought

41
Q

What is CSS?

A

Payments were made to farmers and other land managers in order to enhance and conserve English landscapes. Grants were also available for capital works such as hedge laying, planting and dry-stone walls.

Biology - Module 4 (3 decks)

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