4.2 - Human Processes Flashcards
Upland settlements
Farmers live with their sheep, causing a dispersed settlement pattern of isolated settlements not villages.
Lowland settlements
The areas geology is mainly sedimentary, therefore there’s farmers growing crops (arable), they make enough money to live away from their fields in villages.
Upland building
Dry stone, no cement/its balanced. They date back to Norse farmers of the 9th century. The limestone areas of the lakes were particularly prone to being used for building. Boulder rocks at the bottom of valleys, left by glaciers, were cleared to help farmers construct walls and buildings.
Lowland building
No geological rocks are strong enough for building. Chalk is too crumbly for structure, but within it are pieces of known as nodules of flint, a hard crystalline form of quartz. Many older buildings are built from this.
Upland boundaries
Fields are divided by dry stone walls - balanced.
Lowland boundaries
Normally divided up by hedges or even fences, but sometimes there’re divided by irrigation channels.
Upland farming
Majority is sheep farming, transhumance - the winter (cold and short growing season) means that sheep farming is best . In the summer they graze upland fells. Fields in valley floor are used for hay ready for the winter. Most is pastoral (animals), this comes as the soil isn’t very fertile and it’s prone to droughts.
Lowland farming
Majority of farming is arable (crops), this makes a larger profit, they can therefore live further away.
Upland economics
Sheep farming, cattle, mining, trees.
Lowland economics
Crops, vegetables, fruit, assets, flowers.
Upland geology
Igneous and metamorphic rock, scree.
Lowland geology
Sedimentary - sand and clay (tills).
Upland relief
Steep, valleys, summits, misfit streams.
Lowland relief
Low lying, extremely flat.
Upland physical
Freeze-thaw weathering, glaciers, melt.
