4.2 demographic transition

Question 1

stage 1 of the DTM

Answer 1

• birth rate: high and stationary: bad cond/care:high infant mortality, children are economic assets, belief and education on contraception
• death rate: high and stationary: lack of sanitation and healthy care, diseases are common and cannot be treated, dangerous environment
• total population is low and stationary/constant: birth and death rate are similar: low natural increase

Question 2

stage 2 of the DTM

Answer 2

• birth rate: still high and stationary:tradition
• death rate: sharply decreases: country is developing living conditions, sanitation, health care: more sicknesses can be treated/prevented
• total population: exponentially increase: birth rates higher, people survive, more natural increase
• Niger, Somalia

Question 3

stage 3 of the DTM

Answer 3

• birth rates rapidly decrease: tradition fades, education more accessible: contraception, women choose careers, family planning, children survive to work
• death rates : level off, become low and steady: conditions and health care to max, “people insist on dying”
• total population: continues growth as birth is still significantly higher, starts to level off at the end
• India, Malaysia

Question 4

stage 4 of the DTM

Answer 4

• birth rate low and stationary: having less kids becomes economically favorable and traditional, later
• death rate low and stationary: cannot fall below a certain level
• total population is high but natural increase plateaues
• USA, Japan, Sweeden

Question 5

ageing population

Answer 5

• advantages: experienced workforce, grey market, construction boom of retirement places, many over 60 still work (Mexico: 40%) , family support:childcare contribution, volunteers eg charity shops
• disadvantages: costs of providing pensions, health care and sheltered housing, increased tax on proportionally small workforce, many young employed to care for elderly: decreases competitiveness, possible strain on social services, shrunken economy, less future possibilities
• solutions: increase retirement age, support immigration, bonus of less working hours

Question 5

ageing population

Answer 5

• advantages: experiences workforce, grey market, construction boom of retirement places, many over 60 still work (Mexico: 40%) , family support:childcare contribution, volunteers eg charity shops
• disadvantages: costs of providing pensions, health care and sheltered housing, increased tax on proportionally small workforce, many young employed to care for elderly: decreases competitiveness, possible strain on social services, shrunken economy, less future possibilities
• solutions: increase retirement age, support immigration, bonus of less working hours

Question 6

youthful population

Answer 6

• advantages: large, cheap, future workforce, growing market for manufactured products,c an be an economic asset to families
• disadvantages: strain on education, health care, food, housing, services, less investment in agriculture industry, if no future employment opportunities: high unemployment and emigration