4.1 natural increase as a component of population change

Question 1

natural increase rate

Answer 1

birth-death: increase occurs where birth higher

Question 2

birth rate

Answer 2

n. of live births/1000/year

Question 3

death rate

Answer 3

n. of deaths /1000/annum

Question 4

fertility rate

Answer 4

n. of live births per annum/ 1000 women aged between 15-49 of the population

Question 5

infant mortality rate

Answer 5

n. of children who do not survive to the age of 1 / 1000 live births

Question 6

food security

Answer 6

condition in which all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life

Question 7

optimum population

Answer 7

where there are the right number of people to make full use of the available resources to achieve the highest standard of living for all

Question 8

youthful population

Answer 8

the age group 0-14 dominates the population/ is disproportionate compared to the other age groups

Question 9

carrying capacity

Answer 9

number of people/animals/crops a region is able to support w/o environmental degredation

Question 10

dependency ratio

Answer 10

relationship between the economically active and non-working population
- important as economically active contribute more to income tax, VAT, corporation tax, dependents are bigger recipients of government funding: higher ratio can cause significant financial problems

Question 11

epidemiological transition

Answer 11

LICs tend to be more affected by communicable diseases whereas HICs suffer from degenerative diseases or those of affluence

Question 12

factors affecting levels of fertility

Answer 12

• cultural/social: tradition, religion, emancipation, infant mortality, lvl of health
• economic: child is economic asset, support dependents, HIC: burden, development:environment, facilitate return of female employees
• political: active control breaks international law, soft power: tax, benefits, policies, political decisions

Question 13

factors affecting level of mortality

Answer 13

• physical environment: natural hazards, dangerous environment
• economic: access to healthy care , poverty, antibiotic resistance, place of residence, security
• social: migration, new infectious diseases, malnutrition/nourishment, social class, ethnicity, occupation, age restriction of pop

Question 14

population pyramids

Answer 14

• age-sex structure diagrams
• show population structure of a region, how it is made up of different ages, males and females
• two bar graphs side by side
  vocab: wide based pyramid, narrow at top, concave sides, symmetrical, big fluctuations, slightly widening base, barrel

Question 15

sex ratio in demography

Answer 15

ratio of females to males in a pop: indicates survival rate and potential breeding rate

Question 16

intermediate variables

Answer 16

• Davis and Blake 1956: fecundity, sexual unions, birth control