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Chemistry AS Rafa > 4.2 Alcohols, Haloalkanes And Analysis > Flashcards

4.2 Alcohols, Haloalkanes And Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane to alkene?

A

Cracking

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2
Q

Alkene to alkane?

A

Hydrogenation

Ni H2

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3
Q

Alkane to haloalkane?

A

Radical substitution

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4
Q

Alkene to haloalkane?

A

Halogenation/electrophilic addition

HBr or Br2

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5
Q

Alkene to polymer?

A

Addition polymerisation

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6
Q

Alkene to alcohol?

A

Hydration
Steam
H3PO4

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7
Q

Alcohol to alkene?

A

Dehydration
Heat
H3PO4

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8
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol?

A

Hydrolysis
NaOH
Heat

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9
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane?

A

Halide substitution
NaBr
H2SO4

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10
Q

Alcohol to ketone?

A

Secondary alcohol oxidisation
Cr2O7-
H+
Reflux

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11
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde?

A

Primary alcohol oxidation Cr2O7-
H+
Distil

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12
Q

Alcohol to carboxylic acid?

A

Primary alcohol oxidation
Cr2O7-
H+
Reflux

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13
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester?

A

Esterification

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14
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon test

A

Bromine water, shake, bromine water decolourises

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15
Q

Test for haloalkane

A

Silver nitrate, ethanol and water

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16
Q

Tests for carbonyl?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate, fehlings solution, tollens reagent

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17
Q

Results when adding acidified potassium dichromate to test for functional group?

A

Ketones- no change

Aldehydes go from orange to green

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18
Q

Results after adding fehlings solution to test for functional group

A

Ketones no change

Aldehydes-dark red precipitate

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19
Q

Results after adding tollens reagent to test for carbonyl

A

Ketones- no silver mirror

Aldehydes-silver mirror

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20
Q

Tests for carboxylic acid?

A

Universal indicator or ph probe
Reactive metal
Or metal carbonate

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21
Q

What does universal indicator do in carboxylic acid?

A

pH of weak acid

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22
Q

What does a reactive metal do when afford to carboxylic acid?

A

Hydrogen effervescence

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23
Q

What does a metal carbonate do when added to carboxylic acid?

A

Co2 effervescence

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24
Q

Test for alcohol functional group

A

Warm with an equal volume of carboxylic acid and a few drops of H2SO4
Sweet smell

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25
Q

Define dehydration

A

A chemical reaction in which water molecules are eliminated from an organic compound

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26
Q

Define elimination

A

Organic reaction in which one reactant forms two products, usually a small molecule like water is released

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27
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution?

A

A chemical reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms is exchanged for a nucleophile

28
Q

Why are there still CFC concerns even though they are banned?

A

There are other ozone depleting substances
They take many years to reach the ozone layer
They are not banned everywhere

29
Q

What makes CF3Cl a suitable propellant?

A 
Gas
Volatile
Nontoxic
Non flammable
Unreactive
Liquified under pressure
30
Q

How can we get rid of polymer waste?

A 
Landfill
Combustion
Reusing
Recycling
Organic feedstock
31
Q

Which alcohols are soluble?

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol

32
Q

How do you make a aldehyde with oxidation?

A

Gentle heating

33
Q

How do you make a carboxylic acid with oxidation?

A

Heating under reflux

Excess potassium dichromate

34
Q

How do you make a ketone with oxidation?

A

Heat under reflux

35
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A chemical reaction in which water is a reactant.

There are alkali hydrolysis reactions where -OH is the reacting species

36
Q

How can you measure the rate of hydrolysis?

A

Measure halide ions but looking at coloured precipitated when acidified silver nitrate is added
Measure how long it takes to form

37
Q

Initiation step of homolytic fission of C-Cl bonds

A

C2F2Cl2 -> C2F2Clr + Cl

38
Q

Propagation steps of chlorine radicals

A

Clr + O3 -> RClO + O2

RClO + O3 -> Clr + 2O2

39
Q

Steps of nitrogen monoxide decomposing ozone

A

RNO + O3 -> rNO2 + O2

RNO2 + O -> rNO + O2

40
Q

What is distillation?

A

A technique used to separate miscible liquids or solutions

41
Q

What is reflux?

A

A technique used to stop reaction mixtures boiling away into the air

42
Q

What two factors affect the reactivity of hydrolysis reactions of haloalkanes?

A
  • Strength of the C-X bond (larger atoms = stronger shielding= easier to break)
  • Polarity of the C-X bond (polarity decreases down the group)
43
Q

Colour of AgCl

44
Q

Colour of AgBr

45
Q

Colour of AgI

46
Q

Which haloalkane has the highest rate of hydrolysis?

A

C-I because the bond is weakest and easiest to break

47
Q

What do you need when investigating the speed of hydrolysis of haloalkanes?

A

ethanol as solvent

AgNO3

48
Q

Common drying agents

A

CaCl2 and MgSO4

49
Q

6 ways to separate compunds

A 
Distillation
Solvent extraction
Washing
Drying
Filtration
Recrystallisation
50
Q

Describe recrystallisation

A 
Product dissolved in minimum volume of hot solvent
Filter (removes insoluble impurities)
Cool
Crystals should form
Filter to remove soluble impurites
51
Q

Describe melting point determination

A
  • place solid in capillary tube
  • place in liquid which has a biling point above our solids melting point
  • place alongside thermometer and watch how melting occurs
  • compare MP to known value
52
Q

Describe boiling point determination

A

Measure BP

Impurities would increase this

53
Q

What are the three types of distillation?

A

Simple
Steam
Fractional

54
Q

Describe steam distillation

A

-separates insoluble liquid from aqueous solution
-steam lowers BP of immiscible liquid and causes it to evaporate and condense
WE GET A MIXTURE OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUID AND WATER

55
Q

Test for unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Few drops of bromine water and shake
Bromine water will become decolourised
Orange brown - colourless

56
Q

Test for haloalkanes

A

Silver nitrate
Ethanol
Water, different colour precipitates due to AgX being formed

57
Q

First test for carbonyl group

A

acidified potassium dichromate goes orange to green with aldehydes
orange solution with dichromate (VI) ions is reduced to a green solution containing chromium (III) ions

58
Q

Last test for carbonyl group

A

Fehlings solution, aldehydes go dark red (from blue)

The blue copper (III) ions are reduced to give a precipitates of copper (I) oxide

59
Q

What does degree of vibration depend on?

A
  • Bond strength (stronger = higher frequency)
  • Bond length
  • Mass of atoms
60
Q

Applications of IR spectroscopy

A
  • Breathalysers (-OH functional group)
  • Air quality (levels of pollutants, such as CO and NO are measured)
  • Forensics (chemicals present at crime scenes, fuels, accelerants, plastics)
61
Q

What are absorptions in the fingerprint region caused by?

A

Bending rather than stretching

62
Q

How do you determine relative molecular mass with mass spectrometry?

A

By looking at the molecular ion peak

63
Q

What is the m+1 peak?

A

Appears in the presence of C-13

Appear in more significant percentages in larger molecules

64
Q

Uses of mass spec outside the lab

A

breathalysers
monitoring air pollution
MOT emission testing

65
Q

Conditions for yeast fermentation

A

anaerobic
aqueous
temp range 25-40 degrees

66
Q

Whats reduced in the oxidation of alcohols?

A

Cr (VI) to Cr3+

Chemistry AS Rafa (9 decks)

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