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Chemistry AS Rafa > 4.1 Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

4.1 Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

In which the carbon atoms are joined together in straight unbranched chains or branched chains.

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2
Q

What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms joined together in ring structure.

Not aromatic

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3
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

At least one benzene ring in the structure.

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4
Q

What is nomenclature.

A

Naming system for compounds.

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5
Q

What are alkanes?

A

A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons

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6
Q

What happens when you remove a hydrogen atom from an alkane?

A

And alkyl group is formed.

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7
Q

General formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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8
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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9
Q

What is the formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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10
Q

What’s an isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

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11
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms in space.

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12
Q

Define reaction mechanism

A

Models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction.

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13
Q

What are curly arrows for?

A

Model the flow of electron pairs during reaction mechanism

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14
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.
Fission = bond breaking
Bonded our split EQUALLY

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15
Q

What are radicals?

A

A species with one or more unpaired electrons

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16
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair

17
Q

What happens to the boiling point of an alkane as chain length increases?

A

Boiling point increases due to larger molecular mass, larger surface area and larger dipole dipole forces.

18
Q

What happens to the boiling point of alkanes as branching increases?

A

Lower boiling points due to fewer surface area interactions, fewer induced dipole dipole

19
Q

Define complete combustion

A

Oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air

20
Q

Define incomplete combustion

A

Oxidising a fuel in a limited supply of air

21
Q

What are alkenes?

A

A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

22
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron pair acceptor

23
Q

What is needed for hydrogenation?

A

A temperature of 150 and a suitable catalyst.

24
Q

What can halogenation be used for?

A

A test for saturation.

25
Q

What does the process of hydration require?

A

High temperatures and high pressures with a phosphoric acid catalyst

26
Q

What is a reaction mechanism?

A

A model that shows the movement of electrons in an organic reaction.

27
Q

What happens with a hydrogen halide is added to an unsymmetrical alkene?

A

There are two possible products.

28
Q

What does markownikoffs rule state?

A

When H-X is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen becomes attached to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms to start with.

29
Q

Method one monitoring hydrolysis of haloalkanes

A

AgNO3
Water bath and ethanol
40-80C
Relative rate of precipitation

30
Q

Method two monitoring hydrolysis haloalkanes

A

AgNO3
NaOH
NEUTRALISE WITH HNO3
Relative amount of precipitation

31
Q

Uses for CFCs other than propellants

A

Fire extinguishers
decreasing agents
Dry cleaning
Blowing polystyrene

32
Q

Why are branched alkanes better for fuel?

A

More efficient combustion

33
Q

How can environmental damage be reduced when dealing with polymers?

A 
Making bio or photodegradable polymers
Develop ways of sorting AND recycling
Use as chemical feedstock by cracking 
Make from plant based chemicals 
Use a higher atom economy
34
Q

Define homologous series

A

A series of compounds with the same functional group and each successive member differing by -CH2

35
Q

What metals are in a catalytic converter?

A

Platinum, rhodium and palladium are thinly spread over a mesh

36
Q

What happens in catalytic converters

A

Gasses pass over the catalyst

37
Q

Reactions in catalytic converter?

A

2CO + O2 = 2CO2

2NO + 2CO = CO2 + N2

38
Q

What type of forces there there between alkane chains?

A

London force

39
Q

Why are alkanes not reactive to electrophiles and nucleophiles?

A

Carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities and sigma bonds are hard to break

Chemistry AS Rafa (9 decks)

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