4.1 Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons Flashcards
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?
In which the carbon atoms are joined together in straight unbranched chains or branched chains.
What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?
Carbon atoms joined together in ring structure.
Not aromatic
What are aromatic hydrocarbons?
At least one benzene ring in the structure.
What is nomenclature.
Naming system for compounds.
What are alkanes?
A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons
What happens when you remove a hydrogen atom from an alkane?
And alkyl group is formed.
General formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
What’s an isomer?
Same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
What are stereoisomers?
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms in space.
Define reaction mechanism
Models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction.
What are curly arrows for?
Model the flow of electron pairs during reaction mechanism
What is homolytic fission?
When each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.
Fission = bond breaking
Bonded our split EQUALLY
What are radicals?
A species with one or more unpaired electrons
What is heterolytic fission?
When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair
What happens to the boiling point of an alkane as chain length increases?
Boiling point increases due to larger molecular mass, larger surface area and larger dipole dipole forces.
What happens to the boiling point of alkanes as branching increases?
Lower boiling points due to fewer surface area interactions, fewer induced dipole dipole
Define complete combustion
Oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air
Define incomplete combustion
Oxidising a fuel in a limited supply of air
What are alkenes?
A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
What is an electrophile?
An electron pair acceptor
What is needed for hydrogenation?
A temperature of 150 and a suitable catalyst.
What can halogenation be used for?
A test for saturation.
What does the process of hydration require?
High temperatures and high pressures with a phosphoric acid catalyst
What is a reaction mechanism?
A model that shows the movement of electrons in an organic reaction.
What happens with a hydrogen halide is added to an unsymmetrical alkene?
There are two possible products.
What does markownikoffs rule state?
When H-X is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen becomes attached to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms to start with.
Method one monitoring hydrolysis of haloalkanes
AgNO3
Water bath and ethanol
40-80C
Relative rate of precipitation
Method two monitoring hydrolysis haloalkanes
AgNO3
NaOH
NEUTRALISE WITH HNO3
Relative amount of precipitation
Uses for CFCs other than propellants
Fire extinguishers
decreasing agents
Dry cleaning
Blowing polystyrene
Why are branched alkanes better for fuel?
More efficient combustion
How can environmental damage be reduced when dealing with polymers?
Making bio or photodegradable polymers Develop ways of sorting AND recycling Use as chemical feedstock by cracking Make from plant based chemicals Use a higher atom economy
Define homologous series
A series of compounds with the same functional group and each successive member differing by -CH2
What metals are in a catalytic converter?
Platinum, rhodium and palladium are thinly spread over a mesh
What happens in catalytic converters
Gasses pass over the catalyst
Reactions in catalytic converter?
2CO + O2 = 2CO2
2NO + 2CO = CO2 + N2
What type of forces there there between alkane chains?
London force
Why are alkanes not reactive to electrophiles and nucleophiles?
Carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities and sigma bonds are hard to break
