4.2

Question 1

Structures of the limbic system

Answer 1

Hippocampal formation
Amygdala
Largely a temporal lobe structure

Question 2

Hippocampal formation

Answer 2

Involved in the consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory, learning, and the regulation of aggressive behavior

Question 3

Amygdala

Answer 3

Regulate emotional expression via modulation of the hypothalamus

Question 4

Functions of the limbic system

Answer 4

Species preservation: reproduction and instinctive behavior
Self-preservation: feeding behavior and aggression
Expression of fear, motivation, and other motions as well as memory and learning

Often works through the hypothalamus

Question 5

The limbic system influences movement via the

Answer 5

reticular formation and basal nuclei

Question 6

Reticular formation prepares for

Answer 6

flight or escape

limbic structures –> hypothalamus –> reticular formation –> spinal cord –> movement

Question 7

Reticulospinal tracts are responsible for what

Answer 7

Reflexes of the trunk (axial) muscles and limbs
Maintaining posture and balance

Question 8

The basal nuclei are responsible for

Answer 8

Limbic loop: motivational and emotional aspects of movement
- seems to be involved in sympathetic response
- impulse control
Facial expressions and emotionally charged body movement.

Question 9

Limbic system inputs to endocrine, autonomic, and somatic motor systems

Answer 9

The limbic system via its extensive and widespread projections influences the endocrine, autonomic and somatic motor systems to produce physiological responses in tissue and organs throughout the body that are appropriate for and accompany a particular emotional situation.

Question 10

What kind of disease is Alzheimer disease?

Answer 10

A degenerative disorder of the brain and is the most common form of progressive dementia in the elderly. Individuals are unable to form new memories.

Question 11

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 11

Maintain homeostasis
- appetite
- fluid/electrolyte balance
- glucose balance
- metabolism
- sleep
- body temperature

Question 12

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 12

Part of the diencephalon, below the thalamus (ADD PIC)
Only weighs 4g and is less than 1% of brain weights, but is crucial for life functions.

Question 13

Hypothalamic afferents

Answer 13

Limbic system
Sensory pathways: ALS
Thalamus
Reticular formation
Endocrine

Question 14

Hypothalamic efferents

Answer 14

ANS
Endocrine

Question 15

Hypothalamic control of the ANS: Parasympathetic

Answer 15

Constricts pupils
Increased salivation for digestion
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Bladder contraction

Question 16

Hypothalamic control of the ANS: Sympathetic

Answer 16

Dilate pupils
Decreased salivation
Increased heart rate/ blood pressure
Bladder relaxation

Question 17

Hypothalamohypophyseal connections

Answer 17

The hypothalamus exerts hormonal control through the pituitary gland, which is really two separate glands: anterior and posterior

Question 18

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 18

ADH - water balance
Oxytocin - childbirth, “cuddle”

Question 19

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 19

CRH stimulated ACTH release: adrenal hormones
TRH stimulate TSH release: thyroid hormones
GnRH stimulates LH/FSH release: gonads
GHRH stimulate growth hormone relase: liver

Question 20

What is stress?

Answer 20

A physical and emotional reaction that people experience as they encounter life changes.

Question 21

Acute phase stress response

Answer 21

1. Limbic system/amygdala
2. Hypothalamus releases CRH
3. Anterior pituitary released ACTH
4. ACTH triggers cortisol release into the adrenal gland

If stress stimulus persists, chronic cortisol release creates adverse response.

Question 22

Stress disorder

Answer 22

Acute stress disorder: immediate to 4 weeks
PTSD: >1 month
Chronic stress

Question 23

ASD and PTSD

Answer 23

The person experiences, witness, or was confronted with an even that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury.
The person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
After an event up to 100% of those exposed show signs, but actual diagnosis is much lower.

Question 24

Risk factors of ASD and PTSD

Answer 24

Lack of education
Previous trauma
Childhood adversity
Child abuse
Family psychiatric history
Prior psychological difficulties
Trauma severity
Lack of social support following the event
Subsequent life stress

Question 25

Factors that predict successful coping with stress

Answer 25

Hardiness
- i can have a positive impact
- i have commitment and purpose
- i can learn from the good and the bad
Self-enhancement (positive self image)
Positive emotion

Question 26

Chronic stress

Answer 26

Immunosuppression
Cardiovascular events
Neurologic sequale: stroke, balanaced d/o
Multiple medical conditions worsen (GI, arthritis, pulmonary)

Question 27

Morbidity

Answer 27

the condition of suffering from a disease or medical condition

Question 28

Negative interactions with healthcare providers may lead to:

Answer 28

Delaying or not seeking testing and healthcare
Poorer quality of care received
Poor adherence to treatment regimens
Increased symptoms
Depression
Decreased quality of life

Question 29

The limbic system helps to produce a physiologic response appropriate for what type of situation?

Answer 29

emotional

Question 30

The hypothalamus operates largely through its influence on which gland?

Answer 30

pituitary