4.1

Question 1

Vertical columns

Answer 1

specific functional units

Question 2

Afferents of the cerebral cortex

Answer 2

Cortex to cortex connections
Corticocortical excitatory fibers (which release glutamate or aspartate) from cortical areas
Most of these afferents come from thalamus and they travel to the cortex through the thalamocortical radiations.

Question 3

Efferents

Answer 3

Pyramidal and fusiform cells
Association
Projection
Commisural

Question 4

When to use cerebral angiogram

Answer 4

If concerned about aneurysm
Arteriorvenous malformation (AVM)
Stroke
Stenosis/occlusion of cerebral arteries

Question 5

The process of producing speech

Answer 5

Complex and multilevel
1. Concept in mind
2. Organize how to communicate and select words to express concept
3. Organize muscles of mouth, tongue, and larynx to generate sound and add tonality

Question 6

The motor speech system includes…

Answer 6

Cerebellum
Basal nuclei
Somatic muscles

Question 7

Dysarthria

Answer 7

Incoordination and/or slowness of speech
Dysarthria occurs when the muscles you use for speech are weak or you have difficulty controlling them.

Question 8

Cerebellar dysarthria

Answer 8

Ataxic
A slowing down of articulatory movements, increased variability of pitch and loudness, monotonous and “scanning” speech, and articulatory impreciseness.

Question 9

Basal nuclei related dysarthria

Answer 9

Hyperkinetic or hypokinetic

Question 10

UMN or LMN

Answer 10

Muscle weakness

Question 11

Aphasia

Answer 11

Absence of speech
Involves multiple anatomic regions
Can be a result of damage to any area of the cortex
The characteristics of the aphasia can reveal the area of the lesion

Question 12

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 12

Middle cerebral artery serves this area.
Difficulty expressing thought
Nonfluent
Speaks slowly and with difficulty
Spoken and written language comprehension is relatively preserved

Question 13

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 13

Unilateral lesion in the dominant hemisphere
Difficulty comprehending the spoken word and is unable to read
Even if speech is fluent the combination and order of the words is meaningless and makes no sense to him or others (fluent paraphasia speech)
Individual is unaware of his deficiencies.

Question 14

Global aphasia

Answer 14

Unable to comprehend what he hears of reads
Cannot write
Unable to formulate normal language

Question 15

Apraxia of speech

Answer 15

Inability to execute
Neurological damage leading to apraxia of speech can occur in the following area:
- Broca’s area
- supplementary motor area
- insula (insular cortex)
- basal nuclei

Question 16

Internal carotid

Answer 16

anterior and middle cerebral artery

Question 17

Association fibers

Answer 17

Parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes are connected with the frontal lobe via prominent fasciculi composed of association fibers spanning the 4 lobes
- consist of axons arising from small pyramidal cells, primarily from layer I and II.

Question 18

Commisural fibers

Answer 18

Arise in one cerebral hemisphere and cross the midline to terminate in the corresponding cortical area of the contralateral hemisphere
- avenue of communication between the corresponding cortical areas of the two hemispheres

Question 19

Projection fibers

Answer 19

Consist of both afferent and efferent fibers to and from the cerebral cortex, that connect it to the thalamus, basal nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord

Question 20

Internal capsule

Answer 20

A massive, fan-shaped collection of fibers that connect the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

Question 21

Corona radiata

Answer 21

A continuation of the internal capsule, containing afferent and efferent fibers to and from the cerebral cortex.

Question 22

Lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 22

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Limbic

Question 23

Where do the signals to the PAC come from?

Answer 23

Receives information between from both ears by way of the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and then sends projections to the contralateral side via the corpus callosum.

Question 24

Describe the connections between the PAC and secondary areas.

Answer 24

The sensory association areas (PAC) receive inputs from the primary sensory areas and further process, integrate, and interpret the incoming sensory input.
The secondary sensory areas surround the primary sensory areas.

Question 25

Compare functions of Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

Answer 25

Wernicke’s area: consists of auditory association cortex. It is referred to as the receptive (sensory) language area, general interpretive area, or the gnostic area. It plays an important role in the comprehension and formulation of language.
Broca’s area: the motor speech area; only functions in the initiation of a sequence of complex movements which are essential in the production of speech, but also has expressive language capacities.

Question 26

The “where speech path carries signals from the PAC to the ipsilateral parietal lobe. This is an example of…

Answer 26

Association fibers

Question 27

Describe the function of Wernicke’s area.

Answer 27

Comprehension and formulation of language

Question 28

Describe Broca’s area lesion.

Answer 28

Only uses main or necessary words of a sentence

Question 29

Describe Wernicke’s area lesion.

Answer 29

The combination and order of the words selected is meaningless and makes no sense

Question 30

Describe global aphasia lesion.

Answer 30

Unable to comprehend what he hears or reads, cannot write, and in addition is unable to formulate normal language

Question 31

Basilar artery

Answer 31

posterior cerebral artery

Question 32

Function of frontal lobe

Answer 32

Motor control
Cognitive functions
Processing emotions
Motor aspects of language

Question 33

Function of parietal lobe

Answer 33

Sensation
Process touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception

Question 34

Function of temporal lobe

Answer 34

Process hearing, memory, emotions, and sensory aspects of speech

Question 35

Function of occipital lobe

Answer 35

Process visual information

Question 36

Function of limbic lobe

Answer 36

Process emotions