Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio unit 4 > 4.2 > Flashcards

4.2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

Pore becomes anus first and mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why were protostomes and deuterostomes initially grouped together?

A

They had similar embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do we know that Deuterostomes are a monophyletic group?

A

Molecular evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 4 phylum/clades considered deuterostomes?

A

Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Xenoturbellida, Chordata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the common ancestor between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Acoela

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which clades in the deuterostome group are strictly invertebrates?

A

Echinoderms, Xenoturbellids, and Hemichordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What clades in the deuterostome group are invertebrate and vertebrate?

A

Chordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which clades in the deuterostome group are sister groups?

A

Echinodermata and Hemichordata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the sister group to echinodermata and hemichordata?

A

xenoturbellida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the most successful lineages of deuterostomes?

A

Echinoderms and chordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the symmetry, type of coelom, type of gut, and other unique characteristics of Echinodermata

A

Radial symmetry, true coelom, complete gut, and reduced circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are three Echinoderm synapomorphies?

A

Redial symmetry in adults, endoskeleton, and a water vascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the endoskeleton of echinoderms?

A

An endoskeleton made of calcareous plates. Technically it is inside the body covered by skin. This is a synapomorphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is water vascular system?

A

A unique series of branching, fluid-filled tubes and chambers used for locomotion, feeding and in some cases gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are tube feet?

A

Part of the water vascular system and are elongated, fluid-filled structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where can you find echinoderms?

A

Most marine habitats. The shallow or deep, tropical, or polar oceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 5 things must be present at some stage to be considered a chordata?

A

Pharyngeal gill slits
notochord
neutral tube forming dorsal nerve cord q
posterior anal tail
Body muscles divided into segments called myotomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All of the chordate characteristics are synapomorphies for chordates, except
for one. Which is it?
A) pharyngeal gill slits
B) a notochord
C) a dorsal hollow nerve cord
D) a muscular post-anal tail
E) myotomes

A

Pharyngeal gill slits, they are present in an outgroup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three subphyla that make up phylum Chordata?

A

Cephalochordates, Urochordates, and Vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are cephalochordates (lanclets)?

A

filter feeding marine invertebrate chordates. Adults retain all of the chordate features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do adult urochordates (tunicates) utilize their pharyngeal gills?

A

use them as a basket-like structure that is highly modified for filter-feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are characteristics of larval tunicates?

A

More typical chordate body plan including a notochord, neural tube, and a lung tail with muscles arranged in myotomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where could you find tunicates?

A

Marine places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Some tunicates are free floating salps, what are some examples?

A

Sea squirts and solitary salp, they can be solitary or colonial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most diverse group within the phylum chordata?

A

Vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What groups are considered vertebrates?

A

Some fishes, amphibians, mammals, and reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How can you identify vertebrates?

A

By a vertebrae and cranium that both contribute to the endoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Are vertebrates paraphyletic, polyphyletic, or monophyletic?

A

monophyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define vertebrae

A

cartilaginous or bony structures that form a column protecting the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define cranium

A

a cartilaginous, bony, or fibrous case that encloses and protects the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the dorsal hollow nerve chord develop into in vertebrates?

A

Spinal cord and large brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the pharyngeal pouch in embryos develop into in aquatic species?

A

Gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Are modern fishes polyphyletic or paraphyletic?

A

Paraphyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many lineages of fish are there?

A

2 without jaws and 4 with jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which clade has the most described species?

A

ray-finned fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which clade includes both fish and non-fish chordates?

A

Sarcopterygian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the only vertebrates that lack jaws?

A

hagfish and lampreys, they belong to the same clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What did the hagfish lose?

A

vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What did lampreys reduce?

A

vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do hagfish feed on?

A

Small, soft bodied animals or decaying carcasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do lampreys feed on?

A

Blood and other body fluids of fish that they parasitize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How do hagfish defend themselves?

A

produced copious amounts of slime when disturbed, they are scavengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are lampreys?

A

Ectoparasites of fish, they are abundant in the great lakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are gnathostomes?

A

Vertebrates with jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Why were jaws and teeth advantageous for fish?

A

allowed them to be mass feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where did jaws developed from?

A

Probably gill slits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are cartilaginous fish?

A

Teeth are formed from skin and rest on top of the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are bony vertebrates?

A

teeth are formed from bone and are embedded in the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are characteristics of chondrichthyes?

A

Jaws, endoskeleton of cartilage, paired fins, open gill slits, oil-filled livers for buoyancy resulting in no swim bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are some Chondrichthyes?

A

Sharks, skates, and rays, the jawed cartilanginous fished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What’s another name for ray-finned fish?

A

Actinopterygii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Do ray finned fish have jaws?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the endoskeleton of ray finned fish made of?

A

bone

54
Q

How are their fins supported?

A

Paired fins are supported by radially arranged bony rods

55
Q

What kinds of fins do ray finned fish have?

A

Moveable fins, they have muscles inside the body wall to make maneuvering easier for bony fish

56
Q

What are actinopterygill gills covered with?

A

Operculum

57
Q

How do ray finned fish control their buoyancy?

A

Gas filled swim bladders, that are derived from lungs, control buoyancy of bony fish

58
Q

What are the two groups of actinopterygians?

A

Sturgeons + paddlefish and teleosts

59
Q

How did the ancient lineage sturgeons and paddlefish change?

A

Secondarily lost some characteristics (lost scales and
bone, skeleton became mostly cartilaginous again).

60
Q

What’s the source of caviar?

A

Sturgeons and paddlefish

61
Q

Sturgeon and paddlefish facts:

A

Can grow up to 20 feet long and 1500 pounds (up to 5 feet long and 80 pounds in Michigan) and can live up to 150 years, takes about 20 years to reach reproductive age. Females reproduce only about once every 5 years.

62
Q

What species are makes up 96% of all boney fish?

A

Teleosts

63
Q

Teleost jaw characteristics?

A

Have an oral jaw that is protrusible and second pharyngeal jaw located in the throat, which makes food processing very efficient. The pharyngeal jaw forms from another set of gill arches.

64
Q

What is the group that classifies the vertebrates after Actinopterygii?

A

Sarcopterygii

65
Q

What do tetrapods share a common ancestor with?

A

Lungfish

66
Q

What is another name for Sarcopyterygii fishes?

A

Lobe-finned fish

67
Q

What are lobe finned fish?

A

Fish with fins that have muscles and bones in addition to bony rays.

68
Q

What are the two lobe-finned fish?

A

Coelacacanths and lungfish

69
Q

Where do you find lungfish and what are they?

A

They are marine and deep water fish. Their lung sac is filled with oil and functions only for buoyancy

70
Q

where do you find lungfish and what are they?

A

Freshwater fish. lung sac is used in addition to gills to gulp air when the oxygen levels in the ponds they inhabit get too low.

71
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

Vertebrates that have 4 muscular limbs with fingers and toes

72
Q

What do tetrapods share a common ancestor with?

A

lungfish

73
Q

How are lobed fin fish and tetrapods similar?

A

Similar bone arrangement

74
Q

How are they similar geneticially?

A

Developmental genes that pattern fins are the same genes that pattern limbs in tetrapods.

75
Q

How are they similar through fossils?

A

Fossil record shows transition of lobed fins to limbs.

76
Q

How did Neil Shubin contribute to the transition between fish and tetrapods?

A

Tiktaalik, a fossil discovered in 2004 by Neil Shubin and his team, shows the transition between fish and tetrapods. Fish characteristics: fins with thin ray bones, scales, gills. Tetrapod characteristics: sturdy wrist bones, fingers, neck, shoulders, thick ribs.

77
Q

What are the benefits to moving to land?

A

New resources and escape from competitors

78
Q

What are the challenges to moving on land?

A

Desiccation, Gas exchange, support against gravity, getting sperm to egg, protecting the embryo

79
Q

How do amphibians respire?

A

Most have lungs, but also respire through moist skin

80
Q

Where do amphibians lay their eggs?

A

Water

81
Q

How do amphibian larvae develop?

A

Larvae (tadpoles) must develop in water and go through metamorphosis to transition to land.

82
Q

What do adult amphibians eat?

A

They are carnivores, so other animals

83
Q

What are the 4 requirements for terrestrial existence? When did they develop?

A

Waterproof skin, increased surface area in lungs, internal fertilization, embryonic development in a dry environment. At the same time, the common ancestor of the mammals and reptiles

84
Q

Explain waterproof skin:

A

Protection from desiccation

85
Q

Explain increased surface area in lungs:

A

only site for gas exchange if the skin is waterproof

86
Q

Explain internal fertilization:

A

A way to get sperm to the egg without standing water

87
Q

Explain embryonic development in a dry environment:

A

protecting the developing embryo from desiccation and providing it with food and gas exchange.

88
Q

What are amniotes?

A

Reptiles and mammals

89
Q

What does the amniotic egg do?

A

provides protection and an “artificial pond” environment for the embryo.

90
Q

What develops from the embryo?

A

membranes

91
Q

What does the mother provide for the egg?

A

The nutrients for the yolk sac, albumen and a hard leathery shell

92
Q

What is the external part of the amniotic egg?

A

Shell

93
Q

What is between the shell and chorion?

A

The albumen, which provides water and mechanical support

94
Q

What holds the embryo, yolk sac, and allantois?

A

Chorion, which allows gas exchange

95
Q

Where is the embryo?

A

Inside the amnion, which is inside the chorion

96
Q

Where is the yolk sac?

A

Connected to the embryo and inside the chorion. Contains all nutrients

97
Q

Where is the allantois?

A

Inside the chorion connected to the embryo. It contains its waste

98
Q

What are the two major living lineages of amniotes?

A

Mammals and reptiles

99
Q

Are reptiles mono, para, or polyphyletic

A

monophyletic

100
Q

How are reptiles and mammals distinguished?

A

The structure of their skulls and by having skin covered by keratinized scales

101
Q

What are the 3 branches of reptiles?

A

Lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodiles, alligators and birds

102
Q

How do amphibians get air?

A

They push air into their lungs by squeezing it in.

103
Q

How do reptiles get air?

A

Reptiles pull air into their lungs by expanding their ribcage to draw air in. This lets reptiles expend less energy to breathe

104
Q

Which is the only group that doesn’t rely on external sources for heat?

A

Birds

105
Q

What are the closest living relatives to dinosaurs?

A

Birds

106
Q

What kind of dinosaurs did birds descend from?

A

Dinosaurs with feathers

107
Q

What are endotherms?

A

Regulating their body temperatures with internally generated heat.

108
Q

which group of reptiles is a endotherm?

A

birds

109
Q

Why don’t bird skulls have teeth?

A

To reduce overall mass, which helps them fly

110
Q

How are bird bones constructed to allow flight?

A

Hollow bones strengthened by struts, allows bone to be very dense for strength

111
Q

Why are birds’ metabolism high?

A

To generate energy need for flight

112
Q

Are mammals endothermic?

A

yes

113
Q

What do most animals have to insulate the body?

A

hair or fur

114
Q

How to mammals feed their young after birth?

A

They have mammary glands for lactation

115
Q

Describe the mammal phylogenetic tree

A

The monotremes are a sister group to marsupials and eutherians, which are sister groups to each other

116
Q

What are monotremes?

A

mammals that lay eggs

117
Q

How are monotremes different than other mammals?

A

They don’t have a placenta and no nipples, but they do still produce milk

118
Q

Where do embryos develop in most mammals?

A

inside the placenta

119
Q

What is the placenta formed from?

A

Same extra embryonic membranes that forms the amniotic egg

120
Q

What does the placenta provide?

A

Food, water, gas exchange, waste storage, and protection

121
Q

What are three benefits of a placenta over eggs?

A
  • Embryo develops at a constant temperature
  • Embryo is portable
  • Embryo has constant protection
122
Q

Can the embryo provide food and water directly inside the mother’s body?

A

yes

123
Q

How are marsupials formed?

A

Marsupials have a placenta, that nourishes embryos for a short time. The young are born after a short gestation, then crawl into a pouch (marsupium) where they attach to a nipple and finish development.

124
Q

How are eutherians different than marsupials and monotremes?

A

They retain their young longer internally so that they are better developed at birth. This also means the placenta is better developed

125
Q

What has a shorter gestation phase: marsupials or eutherians?

A

marsupials

126
Q

What has a longer gestation phase: marsupials or eutherians?

A

eutherian

127
Q

What are the advantages of being a marsupial?

A

They can mate sooner than eutherians

128
Q

What are the advantages of being a eutherian?

A

Offspring have a better chance of survival

129
Q

Where are marsupial mammals found?

A

Mostly in Australia and new Zealand (200 species) , and central and south America (70 species)

130
Q

Where are eutherian mammals found?

A

Eutherian mammals are found on every continent. They have successfully colonized a wide variety of habitats and can utilize a wide variety of food sources.

131
Q

What is the most species rich and morphologically diverse group?

A

eutherians

Bio unit 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions