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Bio unit 4 > 4.2 > Flashcards

4.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

Pore becomes anus first and mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom

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2
Q

Why were protostomes and deuterostomes initially grouped together?

A

They had similar embryonic development

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3
Q

How do we know that Deuterostomes are a monophyletic group?

A

Molecular evidence

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4
Q

What are 4 phylum/clades considered deuterostomes?

A

Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Xenoturbellida, Chordata

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5
Q

What is the common ancestor between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Acoela

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6
Q

Which clades in the deuterostome group are strictly invertebrates?

A

Echinoderms, Xenoturbellids, and Hemichordates

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7
Q

What clades in the deuterostome group are invertebrate and vertebrate?

A

Chordates

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8
Q

Which clades in the deuterostome group are sister groups?

A

Echinodermata and Hemichordata

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9
Q

What is the sister group to echinodermata and hemichordata?

A

xenoturbellida

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10
Q

What are the most successful lineages of deuterostomes?

A

Echinoderms and chordates

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11
Q

Name the symmetry, type of coelom, type of gut, and other unique characteristics of Echinodermata

A

Radial symmetry, true coelom, complete gut, and reduced circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems

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12
Q

What are three Echinoderm synapomorphies?

A

Redial symmetry in adults, endoskeleton, and a water vascular system

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13
Q

What is the endoskeleton of echinoderms?

A

An endoskeleton made of calcareous plates. Technically it is inside the body covered by skin. This is a synapomorphy

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14
Q

What is water vascular system?

A

A unique series of branching, fluid-filled tubes and chambers used for locomotion, feeding and in some cases gas exchange

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15
Q

What are tube feet?

A

Part of the water vascular system and are elongated, fluid-filled structures

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16
Q

Where can you find echinoderms?

A

Most marine habitats. The shallow or deep, tropical, or polar oceans

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17
Q

What 5 things must be present at some stage to be considered a chordata?

A

Pharyngeal gill slits
notochord
neutral tube forming dorsal nerve cord q
posterior anal tail
Body muscles divided into segments called myotomes

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18
Q

All of the chordate characteristics are synapomorphies for chordates, except
for one. Which is it?
A) pharyngeal gill slits
B) a notochord
C) a dorsal hollow nerve cord
D) a muscular post-anal tail
E) myotomes

A

Pharyngeal gill slits, they are present in an outgroup

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19
Q

What are the three subphyla that make up phylum Chordata?

A

Cephalochordates, Urochordates, and Vertebrates

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20
Q

What are cephalochordates (lanclets)?

A

filter feeding marine invertebrate chordates. Adults retain all of the chordate features

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21
Q

How do adult urochordates (tunicates) utilize their pharyngeal gills?

A

use them as a basket-like structure that is highly modified for filter-feeding

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22
Q

What are characteristics of larval tunicates?

A

More typical chordate body plan including a notochord, neural tube, and a lung tail with muscles arranged in myotomes

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23
Q

Where could you find tunicates?

A

Marine places

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24
Q

Some tunicates are free floating salps, what are some examples?

A

Sea squirts and solitary salp, they can be solitary or colonial

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25
What is the most diverse group within the phylum chordata?
Vertebrates
26
What groups are considered vertebrates?
Some fishes, amphibians, mammals, and reptiles
27
How can you identify vertebrates?
By a vertebrae and cranium that both contribute to the endoskeleton
28
Are vertebrates paraphyletic, polyphyletic, or monophyletic?
monophyletic
29
Define vertebrae
cartilaginous or bony structures that form a column protecting the spinal cord
30
Define cranium
a cartilaginous, bony, or fibrous case that encloses and protects the brain.
31
What does the dorsal hollow nerve chord develop into in vertebrates?
Spinal cord and large brain
32
What does the pharyngeal pouch in embryos develop into in aquatic species?
Gills
33
Are modern fishes polyphyletic or paraphyletic?
Paraphyletic
34
How many lineages of fish are there?
2 without jaws and 4 with jaws
35
Which clade has the most described species?
ray-finned fish
36
Which clade includes both fish and non-fish chordates?
Sarcopterygian
37
what are the only vertebrates that lack jaws?
hagfish and lampreys, they belong to the same clade
38
What did the hagfish lose?
vertebral column
39
What did lampreys reduce?
vertebral column
40
What do hagfish feed on?
Small, soft bodied animals or decaying carcasses
41
What do lampreys feed on?
Blood and other body fluids of fish that they parasitize
42
How do hagfish defend themselves?
produced copious amounts of slime when disturbed, they are scavengers
43
What are lampreys?
Ectoparasites of fish, they are abundant in the great lakes
44
What are gnathostomes?
Vertebrates with jaws
45
Why were jaws and teeth advantageous for fish?
allowed them to be mass feeders
46
Where did jaws developed from?
Probably gill slits
47
What are cartilaginous fish?
Teeth are formed from skin and rest on top of the jaw
48
What are bony vertebrates?
teeth are formed from bone and are embedded in the jaw
49
What are characteristics of chondrichthyes?
Jaws, endoskeleton of cartilage, paired fins, open gill slits, oil-filled livers for buoyancy resulting in no swim bladder
50
What are some Chondrichthyes?
Sharks, skates, and rays, the jawed cartilanginous fished
51
What's another name for ray-finned fish?
Actinopterygii
52
Do ray finned fish have jaws?
yes
53
What is the endoskeleton of ray finned fish made of?
bone
54
How are their fins supported?
Paired fins are supported by radially arranged bony rods
55
What kinds of fins do ray finned fish have?
Moveable fins, they have muscles inside the body wall to make maneuvering easier for bony fish
56
What are actinopterygill gills covered with?
Operculum
57
How do ray finned fish control their buoyancy?
Gas filled swim bladders, that are derived from lungs, control buoyancy of bony fish
58
What are the two groups of actinopterygians?
Sturgeons + paddlefish and teleosts
59
How did the ancient lineage sturgeons and paddlefish change?
Secondarily lost some characteristics (lost scales and bone, skeleton became mostly cartilaginous again).
60
What's the source of caviar?
Sturgeons and paddlefish
61
Sturgeon and paddlefish facts:
Can grow up to 20 feet long and 1500 pounds (up to 5 feet long and 80 pounds in Michigan) and can live up to 150 years, takes about 20 years to reach reproductive age. Females reproduce only about once every 5 years.
62
What species are makes up 96% of all boney fish?
Teleosts
63
Teleost jaw characteristics?
Have an oral jaw that is protrusible and second pharyngeal jaw located in the throat, which makes food processing very efficient. The pharyngeal jaw forms from another set of gill arches.
64
What is the group that classifies the vertebrates after Actinopterygii?
Sarcopterygii
65
What do tetrapods share a common ancestor with?
Lungfish
66
What is another name for Sarcopyterygii fishes?
Lobe-finned fish
67
What are lobe finned fish?
Fish with fins that have muscles and bones in addition to bony rays.
68
What are the two lobe-finned fish?
Coelacacanths and lungfish
69
Where do you find lungfish and what are they?
They are marine and deep water fish. Their lung sac is filled with oil and functions only for buoyancy
70
where do you find lungfish and what are they?
Freshwater fish. lung sac is used in addition to gills to gulp air when the oxygen levels in the ponds they inhabit get too low.
71
What are tetrapods?
Vertebrates that have 4 muscular limbs with fingers and toes
72
What do tetrapods share a common ancestor with?
lungfish
73
How are lobed fin fish and tetrapods similar?
Similar bone arrangement
74
How are they similar geneticially?
Developmental genes that pattern fins are the same genes that pattern limbs in tetrapods.
75
How are they similar through fossils?
Fossil record shows transition of lobed fins to limbs.
76
How did Neil Shubin contribute to the transition between fish and tetrapods?
Tiktaalik, a fossil discovered in 2004 by Neil Shubin and his team, shows the transition between fish and tetrapods. Fish characteristics: fins with thin ray bones, scales, gills. Tetrapod characteristics: sturdy wrist bones, fingers, neck, shoulders, thick ribs.
77
What are the benefits to moving to land?
New resources and escape from competitors
78
What are the challenges to moving on land?
Desiccation, Gas exchange, support against gravity, getting sperm to egg, protecting the embryo
79
How do amphibians respire?
Most have lungs, but also respire through moist skin
80
Where do amphibians lay their eggs?
Water
81
How do amphibian larvae develop?
Larvae (tadpoles) must develop in water and go through metamorphosis to transition to land.
82
What do adult amphibians eat?
They are carnivores, so other animals
83
What are the 4 requirements for terrestrial existence? When did they develop?
Waterproof skin, increased surface area in lungs, internal fertilization, embryonic development in a dry environment. At the same time, the common ancestor of the mammals and reptiles
84
Explain waterproof skin:
Protection from desiccation
85
Explain increased surface area in lungs:
only site for gas exchange if the skin is waterproof
86
Explain internal fertilization:
A way to get sperm to the egg without standing water
87
Explain embryonic development in a dry environment:
protecting the developing embryo from desiccation and providing it with food and gas exchange.
88
What are amniotes?
Reptiles and mammals
89
What does the amniotic egg do?
provides protection and an “artificial pond” environment for the embryo.
90
What develops from the embryo?
membranes
91
What does the mother provide for the egg?
The nutrients for the yolk sac, albumen and a hard leathery shell
92
What is the external part of the amniotic egg?
Shell
93
What is between the shell and chorion?
The albumen, which provides water and mechanical support
94
What holds the embryo, yolk sac, and allantois?
Chorion, which allows gas exchange
95
Where is the embryo?
Inside the amnion, which is inside the chorion
96
Where is the yolk sac?
Connected to the embryo and inside the chorion. Contains all nutrients
97
Where is the allantois?
Inside the chorion connected to the embryo. It contains its waste
98
What are the two major living lineages of amniotes?
Mammals and reptiles
99
Are reptiles mono, para, or polyphyletic
monophyletic
100
How are reptiles and mammals distinguished?
The structure of their skulls and by having skin covered by keratinized scales
101
What are the 3 branches of reptiles?
Lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodiles, alligators and birds
102
How do amphibians get air?
They push air into their lungs by squeezing it in.
103
How do reptiles get air?
Reptiles pull air into their lungs by expanding their ribcage to draw air in. This lets reptiles expend less energy to breathe
104
Which is the only group that doesn't rely on external sources for heat?
Birds
105
What are the closest living relatives to dinosaurs?
Birds
106
What kind of dinosaurs did birds descend from?
Dinosaurs with feathers
107
What are endotherms?
Regulating their body temperatures with internally generated heat.
108
which group of reptiles is a endotherm?
birds
109
Why don't bird skulls have teeth?
To reduce overall mass, which helps them fly
110
How are bird bones constructed to allow flight?
Hollow bones strengthened by struts, allows bone to be very dense for strength
111
Why are birds' metabolism high?
To generate energy need for flight
112
Are mammals endothermic?
yes
113
What do most animals have to insulate the body?
hair or fur
114
How to mammals feed their young after birth?
They have mammary glands for lactation
115
Describe the mammal phylogenetic tree
The monotremes are a sister group to marsupials and eutherians, which are sister groups to each other
116
What are monotremes?
mammals that lay eggs
117
How are monotremes different than other mammals?
They don't have a placenta and no nipples, but they do still produce milk
118
Where do embryos develop in most mammals?
inside the placenta
119
What is the placenta formed from?
Same extra embryonic membranes that forms the amniotic egg
120
What does the placenta provide?
Food, water, gas exchange, waste storage, and protection
121
What are three benefits of a placenta over eggs?
* Embryo develops at a constant temperature * Embryo is portable * Embryo has constant protection
122
Can the embryo provide food and water directly inside the mother's body?
yes
123
How are marsupials formed?
Marsupials have a placenta, that nourishes embryos for a short time. The young are born after a short gestation, then crawl into a pouch (marsupium) where they attach to a nipple and finish development.
124
How are eutherians different than marsupials and monotremes?
They retain their young longer internally so that they are better developed at birth. This also means the placenta is better developed
125
What has a shorter gestation phase: marsupials or eutherians?
marsupials
126
What has a longer gestation phase: marsupials or eutherians?
eutherian
127
What are the advantages of being a marsupial?
They can mate sooner than eutherians
128
What are the advantages of being a eutherian?
Offspring have a better chance of survival
129
Where are marsupial mammals found?
Mostly in Australia and new Zealand (200 species) , and central and south America (70 species)
130
Where are eutherian mammals found?
Eutherian mammals are found on every continent. They have successfully colonized a wide variety of habitats and can utilize a wide variety of food sources.
131
What is the most species rich and morphologically diverse group?
eutherians

Bio unit 4 (4 decks)

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