4.1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the multicellular eukaryote lineages?
A
Land plants, fungi, and animals
2
Q
What are protists?
A
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, land plants, or animals
3
Q
is fungi more closely related to animals or plants?
A
animals
4
Q
What characteristics do animals and fungi share, and how are they different from plants?
A
Both produce polysaccharide chitin for structure, whereas plants use chitin
Both has a single flagellum in their gametes, whereas plants have multiple flagella
Both store food in glycogen molecules, whereas plants store it as starch
5
Q
Are fungi heterotropic or homotropic?
A
Heterotropic
6
Q
Are most fungi unicellular or multicellular?
A
Multicellular
7
Q
What are fungi’s cell walls made out of?
A
Chitin with their cell membrane
8
Q
What are some examples of fungi?
A
Mushrooms, yeasts, parasites, molds, and more
9
Q
How do fungi feed?
A
By digesting and absorbing nutrients directly from their surroundings
10
Q
What can saprophytic fungi digest?
A
Cellulose and lignin in dead plants
11
Q
How can Mycorrhizal be mutualistic?
A
Absorbing nutrients from root cells in exchange for helping the roots absorb more minerals
12
Q
What do parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from?
A
Living plants and animals
13
Q
How can parasitic fungi affect insects?
A
Cause some insects to change their behavior to benefit the fungus
14
Q
What is the main body of the multicellular fungi?
A
Mycelium
15
Q
What are the structures of the fungi that we see used for?
A
Reproduction
16
Q
What affect does mycelia have on absorption and spread?
A
They have a huge amount of absorptive surface area and can spread over large distances
17
Q
Are animals monophyletic, polyphyletic, or paraphyletic?
A
Monophyletic
18
Q
How are animals, plants, and fungi different from protists?
A
They have multicellularity
19
Q
What kind of food consumers are animals, and fungi? Are plants also these?
A
Heterotrophs, they get their food from an outside source. Plants are not heterotrophs because they photosynthesis
20
Q
How are animals different from fungi in terms of eating?
A
Animals ingest their food and digest it internally
21
Q
What are three synapomorphies of animals?
A
Extracellular matric (EMC) molecules
Unique cell to cell adhesion
Form blastula during development
22
Q
What is the only lineage with muscle and nerve tissue?
A
Animals
23
Q
Are the adults of most animal species diploid or haploid? What about gametes?
A
Diploid, haploid
24
Q
Do animal cells have cell walls?
A
No
25
What is a blastula?
A stage where a hollow ball of cells forms during early embryological development
26
What are 4 stages that lead up to the blastula stage?
Zygote, two-cell stage, 4-cell stage, and morula
27
If animals and choanoflagellates are closely related, then in what two ways do they differ?
Animals developed multicellularity and blastula
28
What are the list of Phyla (10)?
P. Porifera
P. Ctenophora
P. Cnidaria
P. Platyhelminthes
P. Annelida
P. Mollusca
P. Nematoda
P. Arthropoda
P. Echinodermata
P. Chordata
29
What are 4 examples of fungi?
Mushrooms, yeasts, parasites, and molds
30
What do pathogenic fungi get nutrients?
Infect and absorb nutrients from living plants and animals.
31
How do predatory fungi get nutrients?
Trap small invertebrates (mostly nematodes) and digest and absorb their nutrients.
32
What are unique animal similarities that are not synapomorphies?
*Animals are the only lineage with muscle and nerve
tissue (but not all animals have these tissues.)
* Animal cells have no cell walls (but amoeboid
protists also have no cell walls.)
* Adults of most species are diploid; only gametes are
haploid (similar to some protists; some insects are
only haploid).
33
What are 4 ways you can classify data?
Morphological, developmental, fossil, and genomic
34
In general, are animals becoming more complex or losing complex characteristics?
Losing characteristics
35
Are toolkit genes expressed the same?
In animals, the same genes used for development may be expressed differently in different lineages.
36
Can early diverging lineages evolve into different forms?
yes
37
How are Eumetazoan differentiated from sponges?
The presence of well-defined tissue (in eumetazoans)
38
Are sponges older than more complex animals?
Not necessarily
39
Did sponges and eumetazoans diverge from a common ancestor?
yes
40
How did Cnidarians and Bilaterians share a common ancestor? Are the body structures the same?
nidarians and Bilateria diverged from their last common ancestor at a single point in time and so are equally
old, but evolved different body structures.
41
How do mass extinctions contribute to animal origin?
Historical mass extinctions contribute to the uncertainty about the origin of animals
42
If they don’t leave fossils, we have no record of their existence.
Fax
43
What was the most devastating mass extinction?
The most devastating mass extinction occurred 252 million years ago, at the end of the Permian Period.
Environmental conditions led to global warming, a major reduction of atmospheric and ocean oxygen, and ocean acidification. These changes resulted in the extinction of nearly 80% of the earth’s species, with more than 90% of the late Permian ocean species disappearing.
44
Which period did animals evolve?
Cambrian period, which was early
45
What are the characteristic animal body plans that evolved during the cambrian period?
* Level of complexity - cell, tissue, or organ grade
* Symmetry – none, radial or bilateral
* Number and type of germ layers
* Embryological development
* *Presence and structure of body cavity (coelom)
46
What are the three groups that are split up by level of complexity?
Cell grade, Tissue grade, and organ grade
47
What are the characteristics of cell grade phyla?
They have no tissues or organs. Sponges do not have tissues, just different type of cells
48
What are the characteristics of tissue grade phyla?
They have tissues but no organs. Cnidarians and Ctenophores have tissues but no organs.
49
What are the characteristics of organ grade phyla?
Both tissues and organs, which most animal phyla have
50
What are tissues?
groups of similar cells that perform the same function.
51
What are organs?
structures composed of more than one tissue that perform a specific function.
52
What three groups does symmetry divide the animal phyla?
* Asymmetrical (most sponges)
* Radial (Ctenophores, Cnidaria
and Echinoderms)
* Bilateral (most animal phyla)
53
How does radial symmetry allow jellyfish to move?
allows jellyfish to move up and down in the water by flexing cells around their bodies.
54
How does radial symmetry allow sessile sea anemones to move?
permits sessile sea anemones to wave their ring of food-gathering tentacles in all directions at once.
55
What are characteristics of bilateral symmetry in animals?
Bilaterally symmetrical animals have a distinct head and tail and top and bottom, and have a single plane of symmetry running
between them at the midline.
56
How does bilateral symmetry affect movement?
Bilateral symmetry enables animals to move in one horizontal direction to capture prey, find shelter, or escape from enemies.
57
What are three other evolutionary developments associated with bilateral symmetry?
Cephalization
Locomotion
Centralized nervous system
58
What is cephalization?
nervous tissue, and sense organs are concentrated at one end of the body.
59
What is locomotion?
directed movement through the environment. Animals take in sensory information from the environment ahead of them and can process it quickly.
60
what is a centralized nervous system?
As the quality and amount of sensory information taken in by animals increased, brain size and complexity increased.
61
What are the three germ layers that form inn animals with tissues?
Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
62
The number of germ layers that form in the embryo divide animals with tissues into two which two basic groups?
Diploblasts and Triploblasts
63
Which tissues do endoderm give rise to?
Digestive tract and related structures
64
Which tissues do ectoderm give rise to?
skin and contractile cells and nervous structures
65
Which tissues do mesoderm give rise to?
true musle, reproductive excretory, circulatory, and respiratory structures
66
What are diploblast?
two tissue layers
67
What are triploblast?
3 tissue layers
68
What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?
The proto pore becomes the mouth, whereas the deutero pore becomes the anus
69
How is the coelom formed in protostomes?
Blocks of solid mesoderm split to form coelom
70
How is the coelom formed in deuterostomes?
Mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom
71
Where is food taken in in all animals (except sponges)?
Food is taken into a digestive tract lined by endoderm
72
What is a gastrovascular cavity?
A sac-like gut with one opening for both taking in food and eliminating wastes
73
What is a complete gut?
A tube-like gut has an opening for taking in food and separate opening for eliminating waste.
74
Do all animals have a coelom?
Many but not all
75
What is a coelom?
A space between the inner gut tube and the outer body wall
76
When did the coelom evolve?
Molecular data indicates that it probably evolved early in the bilaterally symmetrical lineage
77
Does the coelmom become lost/modified/reduced in some phyla?
Yes, there is a loss of coelom in platyhelminthes (flatworms)
78
Is the coelum usefull to determine phylogenetic relationships?
It is not very useful, but it is still helps in informing animal structure
79
In organisms with a true coelom the cavity is completely lined with mesoderm. Organs extend into the coelomic cavity
fax
80
What are animals that have lost their cavity called?
acoelomates
81
What is the structure of acoelomates?
Solid mesoderm with organs embedded in the mesoderm tissue
82
What is the structure of pseudocoelomates?
They have a modified coelom called a pseudocelom in which the cavity is lined with mesoderm only on the ectoderm side. Endoderm is exposed to the cavity. Organs extend into this cavity.
83
What are three functions of the coelom?
*Functions as a hydrostatic skeleton (fluid pressure) for support in soft organisms.
*Provides a firm surface so muscle contraction provide locomotion in legless animals
*Provides space for circulation of oxygen and nutrients
*Provides space for expansion and movement of internal organs
*Enables internal organs to move independently of each other and independently of the body walls
84
True or false: Having a coelom is advantageous, but a true coelom provides additional advantages
True
85
What are three things only a true coelom can do?
* muscle around gut can push food through gut without using the outer body wall or a pumping pharynx
* The two layers of mesoderm can form connections (mesenteries) that can hold organs in place, but still allow them to move.
* The two layers of mesoderm can form septa that can compartmentalize the coelom.
86
Do sponges have consistent symmetry?
no
87
Do sponges have tissue?
No
88
Do sponges have a gut?
no
89
What is a synapomorphy for porifera - sponges?
Choanocytes, creates a flow of water and captures food items as they pass by these cells.
90
What are common traits in ctenophora?
transparent, ciliated, gelatinous diploblast
91
What do ctenophora eat?
Plankton
92
What are 5 ctenophora characteristics?
*Radial symmetry
*Two tissue layers
*Use cilia to move
*Two anal pores indicate the presence of a complete gut (new data!)
93
What is a synapomorphy in ctnophora?
sticky colloblasts for capturing prey
94
Why is the new data about ctenophores having a complete gut significant?
They were previously thought to only have a gastrovascular cavity, but this new data shows a trait that could change their place in a phylogenetic tree
95
How do adult comb jellies move?
By beating cilia which occur in comb-like rows running the length of the body
96
What are three characteristics of cnidaria?
Radial symmetry
Diploblastic (two tissue layers) – ectoderm and endoderm
Extracellular digestion – gastrovascular cavity (GVC)
97
What is a cnidaria synapomorphy?
cnidocytes, stinging cells for prey capture
98
What are some cnidarians?
Hydra, sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish
99
What are two stages in most cnidarians?
Most Cnidarians have both a polyp and a medusa stage. Some exist just as one stage or another.
100
List all deuterostomes
Echinoderms and chordates
101
List all protostomes
nematodes, anthropods, mollusks, annelid worms, platyhelminthes (flat worms)
