4.1.1 communicable diseases. not complete

Question 1

what a parasite

Answer 1

a protocist that lives in the host and takes nutrition from the host and harms them in the process.
gets warmth protections and transmission

Question 2

why are tropical areas more suited for malaria and or disease

Answer 2

warm and moist so more reproduction. more mosquitos

Question 3

what is the structure of antibodies and how does this help their function

Answer 3

2 light chains 2 heavy
variable region allows for antigen to be attatched.
2 variable regions allow for more than 1 for agglutination
specific to different antigens
constant region allows binding to phagocytes
hinge allows flexibility
disulfide bridge holds the heavy chains together

Question 4

what is neutrolisation

Answer 4

when the antigens are covered and the toxins are also bound to so that the pathogen cannot enter a host cell

Question 5

whats agglutination

Answer 5

agglutins clump cells together so they cant perform their functions and enter cells as they are too big and so phagocytes can engulf them in 1 go

Question 6

why are phagocytes secondary response

Answer 6

the pathogen has laready entered the body

Question 7

Why is the response involving phagocytes regarded as non-specific?

Answer 7

targets and deals with many pathogens

Question 8

how to phagocytes enter the tissue fluid

Answer 8

histamine causes inflammation and leaky capillaries
phagocytes can change shape
can squeeze through pores

Question 9

how is a pathogen engulfed

Answer 9

the pagocyte surround the pathogen
phagocytosis
phagosome is made
a lysosome with hydrolytic enzymes moves into the phagosome
this breaks down/digests the pathogen into amino acids and others.
unwanted products endocytosis
others absorbed into cytoplasm

Question 10

how is bacteria spread

Answer 10

sneezing
water droplets airborne
inhaled

faecal transmission
physical contaact

Question 11

why are poor affected more by disease

Answer 11

overcrowed
poor ventilated
poor diet
poor acces to health care
homelessness

Question 12

how is malaria transmited

Answer 12

mosquitos a vector
plasmodium in saliva
saliva gets into the blood when it bites and pierces skin

Question 13

why are new vaccines needed for the same pathogen

Answer 13

new strains are made from utationas

new antigen is made

Question 14

state two differences between the primary and

secondary immune responses.

Answer 14

starts earlier
more antibodies
produces them quicker

Question 15

describe the roles of memory cells

Answer 15

they recognise the antigen
they create clones and use clonal expansion
can change into plasma cells and make antibodies
then make the body prepared for a secondary response to kill pathogen before any symptoms appear
can form into killer t cells to eradicate virus or memory or helper

Question 16

how can a medicine stop spread of a pathogen

Answer 16

pathogen is killed so there is less

less ppl sneezing and coughing and less water dropletts in the air

Question 17

what is the bacteria for turberculosis

Answer 17

m.turberculosis

Question 18

what is the virus for aids

Answer 18

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 19

why does stopping needle sharing stop spread

Answer 19

the blood carries pathogen
needle is contaminated
so pathogen isnt transferred

Question 20

how does a virus take over

Answer 20

the virus puts viral transcriptase to unmanufacture cells dna
viral dna inserted into host nucles
viral mrna is made and then causes viral proteins to be made

Question 21

what increases chances of catching a disease

Answer 21

not vsccinated
weak immune system
poor health
poor diet
poor sanitiaton
over crowding
poor ventilation

Question 22

how do cytokines help production of b cells

Answer 22

has a specific shape
which is specific to receptor on b lymphosite
binds to it
they have complimentry shapes
and when they bind mitosis is triggered

Question 23

most at risk of infection

Answer 23

elderly, children, pregnant women, weak immune systems

Question 24

how does bacteria affect food

Answer 24

bacteria divide
secrete enzymes
digest food
release toxins

Question 25

how to lymphocytes work

Answer 25

humoral response ;
(B) cell / lymphocy ,
has antigen receptor / carries antibody on its surface ;
specific to / matches / complementary to , only one antigen ;
clonal selection ;
selection / activation , of , appropriate / specific ,
B lymphocyte / cellB ;
by , macrophages / antigen presenting cells / dendritic cells /
T helper cells / cytokines / interleukins ;
clonal expansion ;
(selected cell) divides by mitosis / clones ;
(B) cel , differentiate / specialise ;
(B cells) form , plasma / effector , cells ;
(which) secrete / produce , antibodies ;
antibodies are , specific / complementary , to antigen ;
(B cells) form memory cells ;
Either (memory cells) long-lived / remain in circulation /
or
or
remain in body / provide immunological memory
(provides) secondary response
faster / stronger , response to subsequent exposure
(of same antigen / pathogen / parasite) ;